kiss-repository

nvi-01-additional_upstream_data.patch (179644B)

---

 #! /bin/sh /usr/share/dpatch/dpatch-run
 ## 01additional_upstream_data.dpatch by <hesso@pool.math.tu-berlin.de>
 ##
 ## DP: A few documentation files cherry-picked from the last stable
 ## DP: release tarball, because they are missing in later development
 ## DP: branch releases.
 
 @DPATCH@
 diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/FAQ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/FAQ
 --- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/FAQ	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
 +++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/FAQ	1996-10-14 15:52:46.000000000 +0200
 @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
 +@(#)FAQ	8.13 (Berkeley) 10/14/96
 +
 +Q: How can I get vi to display my character set?
 +A: Vi uses the C library routine isprint(3) to determine if a character
 +   is printable, or should be displayed as an octal or hexadecimal value
 +   on the screen.  Generally, if vi is displaying printable characters
 +   in octal/hexadecimal forms, your environment is not configured correctly.
 +   Try looking at the man pages that allow you to configure your locale.
 +   For example, to configure an ISO 8859-1 locale under Solaris using csh,
 +   you would do:
 +
 +	setenv LANG C
 +	setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
 +
 +   Other LC_CTYPE systems/values that I'm told work:
 +
 +   System	Value
 +   ======	=====
 +   FreeBSD	lt_LN.ISO_8859-1
 +   HP-UX  9.X	american.iso88591
 +   HP-UX 10.X	en_US.iso88591
 +   SunOS  4.X	iso_8859_1
 +   SunOS  5.X	iso_8859_1
 +
 +   If there's no other solution, you can use the print and noprint edit
 +   options of vi to specify that a specific character is printable or not
 +   printable.
 +	
 +Q: My map won't work!
 +A: One thing that you should immediately check if a vi map doesn't work
 +   is if depends on the final cursor position after a P or p command.
 +   Historic vi's were inconsistent as to the final position of the cursor,
 +   and, to make matter worse, the final cursor position also depended on
 +   whether the put text came from a named or unnamed buffer!  Vi follows
 +   the POSIX 1003.2 standard on this one, and makes this consistent, always
 +   placing the cursor on the first character.
 +
 +Q: I'm using ksh or csh as my vi edit option shell value, and file
 +   expansions don't work right!
 +A: The problem may be in your ksh or csh startup files, e.g., .cshrc.  Vi
 +   executes the shell to do name expansion, and the shell generally reads
 +   its startup files.  If the startup files are not correctly configured
 +   for non-interactive use, e.g., they always echo a prompt to the screen,
 +   vi will be unable to parse the output and things will not work
 +   correctly.
 +
 +Q: How does the iclower edit option differ from the ignorecase (i.e. ic)
 +   edit option?
 +A: The difference is that the ignorecase edit option always ignores the
 +   case of letters in the Regular Expression (RE), and the iclower edit
 +   option only ignores the case if there are no upper-case letters in the
 +   RE.  If any upper-case letters appear in the Regular Expression, then
 +   it will be treated case-sensitively, as if the ignorecase edit option
 +   was not set.
 +
 +Q: When I edit binary files, vi appends a <newline> to the last line!
 +A: This is historic practice for vi, and further, it's required by the
 +   POSIX 1003.2 standard.  My intent is to provide a command line and/or
 +   edit option to turn this behavior off when I switch to version 2.0 of
 +   the Berkeley DB package.
 +
 +Q: My cursor keys don't work when I'm in text input mode!
 +A: A common problem over slow links is that the set of characters sent by
 +   the cursor keys don't arrive close enough together for vi to understand
 +   that they are a single keystroke, and not separate keystrokes.  Try
 +   increasing the value of the escapetime edit option, which will cause
 +   vi to wait longer before deciding that the <escape> character that
 +   starts cursor key sequences doesn't have any characters following it.
 +
 +Q: When I edit some files, vi seems to hang forever, and I have to kill it.
 +A: Vi uses flock(2) and fcntl(2) to do file locking.  When it attempts to
 +   acquired a lock for a file on an NFS mounted filesystem, it can hang
 +   for a very long (perhaps infinite) period of time.  Turning off the
 +   "lock" edit option will keep vi from attempting to acquire any locks
 +   on the files you edit.
 +
 +Q: When I compile vi I get lots of warnings about pointer assignments
 +   being incompatible!
 +A: Vi is partially written to support wide characters.  When this code
 +   interfaces with the code that doesn't yet support wide characters,
 +   the pointer types clash.  This will hopefully be fixed in the near
 +   future, but I've been saying that for awhile, now.
 +
 +Q: I get jumpy scrolling behavior in the screen!
 +A: This is almost certainly a problem with the system's terminfo or
 +   termcap information for your terminal.  If the terminfo/termcap entry
 +   doesn't have the settable scrolling region capabilities, or the more
 +   powerful scrolling commands, these behaviors can result.  Historic
 +   implementations of vi, and some of the vi clones, don't suffer from
 +   this problem because they wrote their own screen support instead of
 +   using the curses library.
 +
 +   The solution is to find a good terminfo or termcap entry for your
 +   terminal, which will fix the problem for all of the applications on
 +   your system, not just vi.  Eric Raymond maintains the freely
 +   redistributable termcap/terminfo entries.  They can be downloaded
 +   from http://www.ccil.org/~esr/ncurses.html, or you can contact him
 +   at esr@snark.thyrsus.com.
 +
 +Q: The entire screen repaints on every keystroke!
 +A: Your system's curses implementation is broken.  You should use the
 +   curses implementation provided with vi or a curses replacement such
 +   as ncurses.  Eric Raymond is one of the maintainers of the freely
 +   redistributable ncurses package.  You can download ncurses from
 +   http://www.ccil.org/~esr/ncurses.html, or you can contact him at
 +   esr@snark.thyrsus.com.
 +
 +Q: When I use vi on a Sun console (terminal type sun-34) the screen
 +   is occasionally trashed, usually when exiting vi!
 +A: The Sun console can't handle the 'al' capability of the termcap
 +   entry (the il1 capability of terminfo entries).  If you delete that
 +   entry from your terminfo/termcap information everything should work
 +   correctly.
 +
 +Q: I don't have a version of ctags (or I have ctags, but it doesn't tag
 +   nearly enough things)!
 +A: There's a version of ctags available on the 4.4BSD-Lite distributions,
 +   as well as the FreeBSD, NetBSD, Linux and GNU distributions.  Or, you
 +   might want to try Exuberant Ctags:
 +
 +	Title:		Exuberant Ctags
 +	Version:	1.3
 +	Entered-date:	16JUN96
 +	Description:
 +	    A better ctags which generates tags for all possible tag types:
 +	    macro definitions, enumerated values (values inside enum{...}),
 +	    function and method definitions, enum/struct/union tags, external
 +	    function prototypes (optional), typedefs, and variable
 +	    declarations. It is far less easily fooled by code containing #if
 +	    preprocessor conditional constructs, using a conditional path
 +	    selection algorithm to resolve complicated choices, and a
 +	    fall-back algorithm when this one fails. Can also be used to print
 +	    out a list of selected objects found in source files.
 +	Keywords:	ctags, tags, exuberant
 +	Author:		darren@sirsi.com (Darren Hiebert)
 +			darren@hiwaay.net (Darren Hiebert)
 +	Maintained-by:	darren@sirsi.com (Darren Hiebert)
 +			darren@hiwaay.net (Darren Hiebert)
 +	Primary-site:	sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/devel/lang/c
 +			27kB ctags-1.3.tar.gz
 +	Alternate-site:	ftp.halcyon.com /local/gvr
 +			27kB ctags-1.3.tar.gz
 +	Original-site:
 +	Platforms:	UNIX, MSDOS, WindowsNT, Windows95, OS/2, Amiga
 +	Copying-policy:	Public domain
 +
 +Q: When I update a file I already have open, and use :e to reread it, I
 +   get nul's for the rest of the file!
 +A: Your system's implementation of mmap(2) has a bug; you will have to
 +   exit vi and re-execute it.
 +
 +Q: Where can I get cscope?
 +A: Cscope is available on UNIXWare System V Release 4.0 variants such as
 +   Sun Solaris 2.x (/opt/SUNWspro/bin) and UNIXWare System V Release 4.1.
 +
 +   You can buy version 13.3 source with an unrestricted license for $400
 +   from AT&T Software Solutions by calling +1-800-462-8146.  Binary
 +   redistribution of cscope is an additional $1500, one-time flat fee.
 +
 +   For more information, see http://www.unipress.com/att/new/cscope.html.
 diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/docs/changelog nvi-1.81.6/docs/changelog
 --- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/changelog	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
 +++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/changelog	1996-10-23 15:39:08.000000000 +0200
 @@ -0,0 +1,1102 @@
 +1.78 -> 1.79 (10/23/96)
 +	+ Rename delete() to del(), for C++.
 +	+ Add Spanish to the list of translations.
 +	+ Update to Perl 5.003_06, and other Perl interpreter updates.
 +	+ Update the set-edit-option interface for the scripting languages.
 +	+ Rework ex command parsing to match historic practice for backslash
 +	  escaped <newline> characters inside of global commands.
 +	+ Enhance the comment edit option to skip C++ comments.
 +	+ Change installation to configure the recovery shell script to match
 +	  the system pathnames and to install it into the vi data directory.
 +	  Move the recover script into the build directory, and delete the
 +	  recover directory.
 +	+ Enhance LynxOS support.
 +1.76 -> 1.78 (10/01/96)
 +	+ Fix bugs when both the leftright scrolling and number edit options
 +	  were on.
 +	+ Fix bug where splitting in the middle of the screen could repaint
 +	  incorrectly.
 +	+ Fix first-nul in input bug, where random garbage was inserted.
 +	+ Correct search and mark-as-motion-command bug, it's a line mode
 +	  action if the search starts at or before the first non<blank>.
 +	+ Fix bug autoindent bug, where ^D could shift too far in the line.
 +	+ Fix core dump where ! command called from the .exrc file.
 +	+ Add the -S command-line option, which initializes vi to have the
 +	  secure edit option preset.
 +1.75 -> 1.76 (09/15/96)
 +	+ Fix bug where ^V didn't keep input mapping from happening.
 +	+ Fix a core dump bug in the R command.
 +	+ Give up on licensing: no more shareware, adware, whatever.
 +	+ Fix cursor positioning bug for C, S and c$ in an empty file.
 +1.74 -> 1.75 (08/22/96)
 +	+ Add French to the error message translations.
 +	+ Move the UNLICENSED message to the end of the message line.
 +	+ Fix bug where wide characters in a file name weren't calculated
 +	  correctly in the status message.
 +	+ Fix bug where cl_rename was called directly, by the ex shell code.
 +	+ Fix bug where splitting a screen resulting in a new screen at the
 +	  top of the display resulted in badly displayed status messages.
 +1.73 -> 1.74 (08/18/96)
 +	+ Fix bug where the status line wasn't redisplayed if the user ran
 +	  an ex command that trashed the screen.
 +	+ Fix bug where the long version of the status line wasn't displayed
 +	  when switching screens.
 +	+ Rework fast-path filename completion code to sort the entries, and
 +	  strip out . and .. by default.
 +	+ Fix bug where ex went to the first line instead of the last one when
 +	  reading in a file.
 +1.72 -> 1.73 (08/12/96)
 +	+ Do filename completion and some file expansion internally for speed.
 +	+ Fix CSCOPE_DIRS environmental variable support.
 +	+ Ex parser fix for global commands in script files.
 +	+ Add the O_PATH option, so you can specify a directory search path
 +	  for files.
 +	+ Make it possible to specify the database file to cscope, allowing
 +	  multiple databases in a single directory.
 +	+ Fix incremental search to overwrite erased characters so the user
 +	  can tell where they are on the colon-command line.
 +	+ Fix incremental search to restart the search if the user enters an
 +	  unescaped shell meta character.
 +1.71 -> 1.72 (07/12/96)
 +	+ Cscope fix: test for files newer than the database was reversed.
 +	+ Display "files to edit" message for rewind, next and initial screen.
 +	+ Fix a bug in the R command where it could fail if the user extended
 +	  the file.
 +	+ Fix a bug where text abbreviations could corrupt the line.
 +	+ Fix a bug where the windowname edit option couldn't be set before a
 +	  file was loaded into the edit buffer.
 +	+ Fix a bug where the system .exrc values weren't being overridden by
 +	  the user's $HOME .exrc values.
 +	+ Fix a bug in the filename completion code, where garbage characters
 +	  could be added to the colon command line.
 +	+ Fix bug where multiple edit sessions on a non-existent file could
 +	  all write the file without warning.
 +	+ Fix bug where screen update was incorrect if a character triggered
 +	  both a wrapmargin and showmatch condition.
 +	+ Fix bug in leftright scrolling where <CR> during text input didn't
 +	  return the cursor to the left margin.
 +	+ Rev the Perl interpreter code, new version from Sven Verdoolaege,
 +	  based on Perl 5.003.01.
 +	+ Fix bug in tags file pattern search introduced in 1.71.
 +1.70 -> 1.71 (07/01/96)
 +	+ Don't include <term.h> -- neither HPUX or Solaris can cope with it.
 +	+ Fix bug where ^M's in the original pattern were converted into new
 +	  lines in the file during substitution commands.
 +	+ Make window resize events separate from interrupts -- too many users
 +	  complained.
 +	+ Fix bug in first-character-is-null text input semantic.
 +	+ Rework search routines to take a length instead of a nul-terminated
 +	  string for a pattern.  This fixes a couple of bugs in searching, but
 +	  probably introduces new ones.
 +	+ Fix prompting the user after a write filter command, the way I did
 +	  it in 1.70 broke the display.
 +	+ Don't switch to the alternate xterm screen when entering the ex
 +	  text input commands from vi mode.
 +	+ Implement the Fg command, so can foreground a background screen into
 +	  a split screen.
 +	+ Change the fg command to match screen names using the last component
 +	  of the filename the full filename fails.
 +1.69 -> 1.70 (06/28/96)
 +	+ Change the ex read command to support named pipes.
 +	+ Copy the EXINIT/NEXINIT strings before executing their commands so
 +	  we don't step on the process environment.
 +	+ Don't do "line modification" reports for intermediate commands
 +	  executed from the vi colon command line, it screws up filter
 +	  reads, causing nvi to prompt for the user to continue.
 +	+ Add "smd" as an abbreviation for showmode: HP, ICL and SCO have it.
 +	+ Change nvi to always prompt the user after a write filter command.
 +	  This matches historic practice.
 +	+ Fix recovery information mailed to the user to reflect the program's
 +	  installed name.
 +	+ Change configuration script to not cache option information, e.g.,
 +	  --disable-curses.
 +	+ Fix a bug where the second character of the vi [[, ]] and ZZ
 +	  commands could start a command mapped sequence.
 +	+ Fix 3 write bugs: partial writes (3,$write), were clearing the
 +	  modified flag, full writes using line numbers (1,$write) were
 +	  not, and append historically never cleared the modified flag, and
 +	  we didn't get that right.
 +	+ Shorten the "more files to edit" message so it can gang on a single
 +	  line, lots of people have complained.  Add the number of files that
 +	  are left to edit, it's historic practice.
 +	+ Fix core dump where message catalogs collided with truncating the
 +	  write path.  Add a new write message so the string "appended" is
 +	  taken from a message catalog.
 +	+ Fix bug where an undo followed by '.' to repeat it wouldn't work
 +	  if no other repeatable commands had been entered.
 +	+ Fix core dump when resolution of input lines' autoindent characters
 +	  invalidated cached display information.
 +	+ Set the name of the X11 xterm icon/window to "xterm" when exiting,
 +	  if modified based on the windowname option.
 +	+ Include <term.h> if it exists, fixes portability problems on IRIX
 +	  systems.
 +1.68 -> 1.69 (06/17/96)
 +	+ Add the windowname edit option and code to change the icon/window
 +	  name for xterm's.
 +	+ Enhance the comment edit option to skip shell comments.
 +	+ Add conditional prototypes to replacement C library functions.
 +	+ Minor enhancements/reworking to Makefile.in, other build files.
 +	+ Fix bug in vi text input ^D processing, could result in cursor
 +	  warp to the beginning of the line.
 +	+ Fix leftright screen bug where the screen wasn't repainted when
 +	  being repainted from scratch.
 +	+ Update the Swedish and Dutch catalogs.
 +	+ Truncate paths in write commands if they don't fit on one line.
 +	+ Fix alternate screen bug where the screen flashed and output lost
 +	  when switching to/from the X11 xterm alternate screen.  Fix bug
 +	  where nvi switched into the alternate screen during filter-read
 +	  commands, which doesn't match historic practice.
 +	+ Minor relative cursor positioning change, make cursor position
 +	  changes from ex real and permanent.
 +1.67 -> 1.68 (06/09/96)
 +	+ Fix core dump when tagging out of a modified file.
 +1.66 -> 1.67 (06/09/96)
 +	+ Convert the license to adware.
 +	+ Leftright scrolling tweak, don't repaint the screen as often.
 +	+ Change so that search warning/error messages don't appear during an
 +	  incremental search.
 +	+ Cscope fix: test for files newer than the database was reversed.
 +	+ Don't display ex `welcome message' if in ex batch mode.
 +	+ Test for vsnprintf and snprintf separately, HP 10.10 has snprintf
 +	  but not vsnprintf.
 +	+ Reverse lookup order between LC_MESSAGES and LANG.
 +	+ Fix Tcl/Perl core dumps in common API code to get/set options.
 +	+ Fix R command -- it used a DB pinned page after discarding it.
 +	+ Minor fixes in multiple edit buffer message handling code.
 +	+ Fix yk command moving to shorter line core dump.
 +	+ Rework message handling to try and gang more messages onto a single
 +	  line.
 +1.65 -> 1.66 (05/18/96)
 +	+ Convert vi man page to historic -man macro package, and install it.
 +	+ Fix bug were !! on an empty line with a nonexistent command left the
 +	  cursor on the second character, not the first.
 +	+ Fix bug where line redisplay was wrong when a <tab> replaced a
 +	  previous <tab> in the line.
 +	+ Fix bug where D (d$) didn't reset the relative cursor position.
 +	+ Fix bug where yG incorrectly reset the relative cursor position.
 +	+ Fix bug where the window size couldn't be grown once it was shrunk.
 +	+ Fix bug where the extended edit option caused tag searches to fail.
 +	+ If multiple lines in the tags file with the same leading tag, build
 +	  a tags stack like the Cscope stack.  This is the obvious extension,
 +	  and the way that Larry McVoy's ctags program works.
 +	+ Send the appropriate TI/TE sequence in the curses screen whenever
 +	  entering ex/vi mode.  This means that :shell now shows the correct
 +	  screen when using xterm alternate screens.
 +	+ Rework the options display code to get five columns in an 80 column
 +	  screen.
 +	+ Interactive Unix V3.0 port -- mostly file name shortening, other
 +	  minor changes.  Only preliminary, more work will be necessary.
 +	+ Add debugging option to not read EXINIT/.exrc information.
 +	+ Fix bug where re_compile printed an error message to the screen
 +	  when the user entered [ to an incremental search.
 +	+ Turn off screen beeps when incremental search is failing.
 +	+ Fix bug where the iclower option didn't trigger an RE recompilation.
 +	+ Fix bug where -t into an already locked file forced the user to wait
 +	  as if a startup command had failed.
 +	+ LynxOS port -- mostly adding <sys/types.h> even though <sys/param.h>
 +	  was already included.
 +	+ Fix ex output bug, where it appeared as if an ex command was skipped
 +	  due to flags not being cleared in the vs_msg() routine.
 +	+ Fix core dump when global command tried to switch screens.
 +1.64 -> 1.65 (05/13/96)
 +	+ Fix cscope <blank>-matching pattern to use extended RE's, and bug
 +	  that kept cscope from finding patterns containing <blank>s.
 +	+ Fix core dumps in both leftright and folded screens when tabstops
 +	  edit option value was large, and tab characters occurred as the last
 +	  character in the logical screen.
 +	+ Fix core dump where the second screen of a folded line wasn't
 +	  displayed correctly.
 +	+ Fix incremental search to match the current location for strings
 +	  starting with \< patterns.
 +	+ Fix bug where margins were ignored during replay of text input.
 +	+ Fix bug where motion components to shorter lines could lose because
 +	  the relative motion flags weren't ever set.  This has been broken
 +	  forever, but the change almost certainly breaks something else -- I
 +	  have no idea what.
 +	+ Tags display: don't print the current entry separately, display
 +	  them all and add a trailing asterisk for the current one.
 +	+ Change the cscope add command to put the directory name through
 +	  standard file name expansion.
 +	+ Fix cscope use of buffers -- search commands weren't nul-terminated.
 +1.63 -> 1.64 (05/08/96)
 +	+ Add installation target to the Makefile.
 +	+ Add documentation on the new tags commands to the Vi Reference
 +	  Manual.
 +	+ Make the sidescroll edit option work again.
 +	+ Fix bug where messages output during startup by ex could be lost.
 +	+ Change ex/vi commands errors into beeps, unless the verbose edit
 +	  option is set -- there are too many macros that are expected to
 +	  eventually fail.  This matches historic practice.
 +	+ Truncate paths in initial vi screen if they won't fit on one line.
 +	+ Make cursor position after filter write match historic practice.
 +	+ Force the user to wait if there is output and the user is leaving
 +	  the screen for any reason -- don't permit further ex commands.
 +	+ Don't use a <newline> character to scroll the screen when exiting,
 +	  scroll in the vi screen before endwin() is called.
 +	+ Fix bug where the column number could be incorrect because the old
 +	  screen wasn't updated after a screen split.
 +	+ Fix ex print routine to correctly specify print flags.
 +	+ Make -g/-O a separate make/configuration option.
 +	+ Fix bug where ex/vi messages weren't being joined.
 +	+ Fix bug where termcap strings were free'd twice.
 +	+ Fix bug where TI/TE still weren't working -- I didn't put in the
 +	  translation strings for BSD style curses.
 +	+ Fix bug where I misspelled the iclower edit option as icloser.
 +1.62 -> 1.63 (04/29/96)
 +	+ Robustness and type/lint fixes for the Tcl interface code.
 +	+ Fix core dump if TERM wasn't set or terminal type was unknown.
 +	+ Fix bug where combining ex commands that did/did not require an
 +	  ex screen would overwrite the command with the want-to-continue
 +	  messsage.
 +	+ Fix bug where the screen was never resolved if the user continued
 +	  entering ex commands using the : character, but then backspaced
 +	  over the prompt to quit or tried to edit their colon command-line
 +	  history.
 +	+ Fix bug where cursor wasn't placed over the ^ placeholder character
 +	  when quoting using the literal-next character.
 +	+ Fix bug where nvi under BSD style curses wasn't sending TI/TE termcap
 +	  strings when suspending the process.
 +	+ Rename mic again, to iclower.
 +	+ Fix bug where 'z' commands trailing / or ? commands weren't being
 +	  executed.
 +	+ Change incremental search to leave the cursor at its last position
 +	  when searching for something that was never found.
 +	+ Fix bug where search-with-confirmation from vi mode didn't position
 +	  the cursor correctly after displaying the confirm message.
 +	+ Fix bug where the "search wrapped" message was dependent on the
 +	  verbose edit option, which doesn't match historic practice.  Change
 +	  search messages to be in inverse video.
 +	+ Fix bug where matched showmatch character wasn't being displayed
 +	  before the matching character was displayed.
 +	+ Another cursor update bug required a change to vs_paint().
 +	+ Fix bug were initial line offset was wrong for the first split screen
 +	  (symptom is very strange column numbers and blank first line).
 +	+ Create filename "argument" lists when creating new screens.
 +	+ Fix bug where globals with associated commands that included both
 +	  buffer execution and other commands could fail to execute the latter.
 +1.61 -> 1.62 (04/22/96)
 +	+ Rename the "searchci" edit option to be "mic".
 +	+ Fix memory corruption in global commands ending in searches.
 +	+ Fix text resolution bug, corrected the cursor based on the
 +	  first line input, not the last.
 +	+ Rework the readonly edit option to match historic practice.
 +	+ Fix several minor incremental search bugs; make incremental
 +	  searches work in maps.
 +	+ Fix long-line core dump, where an incorrect screen map could be
 +	  used.
 +1.60 -> 1.61 (04/12/96)
 +	+ The cursor now ends up on the FIRST character of the put text for
 +	  all versions of the vi put commands, regardless of the source
 +	  of the text.  This matches System III/V behavior and POSIX 1003.2.
 +	+ Fixed bug where showmatch messages were getting discarded.
 +	+ Minor Perl integration fixes.
 +	+ Integrate Cscope into the tags stack code -- major change.
 +	+ Fixed bug where ^T would drop core if returning to a temporary file.
 +	+ Changed vs_ routine to display ex output to replace tab characters
 +	  with spaces.
 +	+ Fix autoindent code to not back up past beginning of line when ^T
 +	  inserted into the middle of a line, i.e. offset != 0.
 +	+ Fix "notimeout" option, was being ignored, by a coding error.
 +	+ Fix showmatch code to never flash on a match if keys are waiting.
 +	+ Change the vi 'D' command to ignore any supplied count, matching
 +	  historic practice.
 +	+ Fix viusage for D, S, C and Y (the aliased vi commands).
 +	+ Fix the Perl5 configuration bug in the configuration script.
 +	+ Make file completion commands in empty lines work.
 +	+ Fix where the change to let vi use the default ex command structure
 +	  broke the ex specification of the script or source file name.
 +	+ Fix to free saved RE structures when screens exit.  This is a major
 +	  RE change, which fixed several bugs in the handling of saved/subst
 +	  RE's.  It's likely to have added new bugs, however.
 +	+ Add case-independent searching (the searchci edit option).
 +	+ Add incremental search (the searchincr edit option).
 +	+ Home the cursor when executing ex commands from vi.
 +1.59 -> 1.60 (03/29/96)
 +	+ Fix ":w >>" core dump, make that command match historic practice.
 +	+ Fix autoindent bug where the length of the line was incorrectly
 +	  calculated.
 +	+ Fix cursor bug where cursor could end up at the wrong place if the
 +	  movement keys were entered quickly enough.
 +	+ Change the read/write whirling indicator to appear only every 1/4
 +	  second, clean up the appearance.
 +	+ Don't change the options real values until underlying functions
 +	  have returned OK -- fix "set tabstop=0" core dump.
 +	+ Fix resizing on Sun's: use SA_INTERRUPT to interrupt read calls.
 +	+ Fix two forward mark command bugs: one where it wasn't setting the
 +	  "favorite cursor" position because of the refresh optimization,
 +	  and one where it didn't have VM_RCM_SET set in the command flags
 +	  for some reason.
 +	+ Fix a bug were the 's' command on top of a <tab> didn't correctly
 +	  copy the buffer.
 +	+ Make :exusage command work for commands having optional leading
 +	  capital letters, e.g. Next.
 +	+ Previous changes broke the inital-matching-prefix code in the key
 +	  mapping part of v_event_get -- fix it, and fix the infinite macro
 +	  interrupt code at the same time.
 +	+ Add "cedit" edit option, so colon command-line editing is optional.
 +	  Change filec/cedit so that you can set them to the same character,
 +	  and they do cedit if in column 1, and filec otherwise.
 +	+ Fix "source of non-existent file" core dump.
 +	+ Fix bug where functions keys specified in startup information were
 +	  never resolved/activated.
 +	+ Fix v_txt bug where could infinitely loop if <escape> triggered an
 +	  abbreviation expansion.
 +	+ Move version string into VERSION file, out of ex_version.c
 +1.58 -> 1.59
 +	+ Configuration changes, several minor bug fixes, including a few
 +	  core dumps.  No functional changes.
 +1.57 -> 1.58
 +	+ Fix the problem where colon command-line temporary files were
 +	  getting left in /tmp.
 +	+ Fix the configuration scripts to quit immediately if the Perl
 +	  or Tk/Tcl libraries are specified but not found.
 +	+ Several screen fixes -- the changes in 1.57 weren't as safe as
 +	  I thought.  More specifically, the refresh-only-if-waiting change
 +	  caused a lot of problems.  In general, fixing them should provide
 +	  even more speedup, but I'm nervous.
 +	+ Lots of changes in the configuration scripts, hopefully this is
 +	  just a first-round ordeal.
 +	+ Several other minor bug fixes.
 +1.56 -> 1.57
 +	+ Add <esc> hook to colon commands, so you can edit colon commands.
 +	+ Add Perl5 interpreter.
 +	+ Change shell expansion code to fail if it doesn't read at least
 +	  one non-blank character from the shell.  If the shell expansion
 +	  process fails, or if not at least one non-blank character, it
 +	  now displays an error message to the user.
 +	+ Rework the screen display so that it matches the historic vi screen
 +	  refreshes.
 +	+ Rework options processing: print/noprint are no longer cumulative,
 +	  provide more information to underlying edit options modules, move
 +	  O_MESG information into the screen specific code.
 +	+ Make file completion character settable.
 +	+ Rework terminal restart -- you can now use ":set term" to switch
 +	  terminal types.  This cleaned up screen resizing considerably.
 +	+ Character display fix, display \177 as ^?, not in hex/octal.
 +	+ Tag search bug fix, don't repeat search if successful.
 +	+ Replace sys_siglist[] use with private sigmsg() routine.
 +	+ Fix core dump if illegal screenId specified to Tcl routine.
 +	+ Add get/set mark interface to Tcl Interpreter interface.
 +	+ Fix core dump if file expansion code stressed (re: filec edit option)
 +	+ Fix bug where filter commands in empty files couldn't find line 0.
 +	+ Switch to GNU autoconf 2.7 for configuration, delete nvi/PORT.
 +	  Many random portability fixes.
 +1.55 -> 1.56 (11/26/95)
 +	+ Bug fix release -- generally available beta release.
 +1.54 -> 1.55 (11/18/95)
 +	+ Bug fix release.
 +	+ Integrate Tcl interpreter.
 +1.53 -> 1.54 (11/11/95)
 +	+ Bug fix release.  A major change in reworking the ex commands, when
 +	  called from the colon command line, to match historic practice, and
 +	  permit them to be entered repeatedly after ex has trashed the screen.
 +	+ Use restartable endwin() from System V curses to implement screen
 +	+ suspend.
 +1.52 -> 1.53 (10/29/95)
 +	+ Switch to using vendor's curses library for all ports.
 +	+ Back out the event driven version, leaving screen separation.
 +	+ User configuration of <escape> timeout (the escapetime edit option).
 +	+ Add Tcl/Tk screen support.
 +	+ Add file name completion (the filec edit option).
 +	+ Disallow access to outside applications (the secure edit option).
 +1.51 -> 1.52 (7/26/95)
 +	+ Minor cleanups, snapshotted for SMI.
 +1.50 -> 1.51 (7/05/95)
 +	+ Lots and lots of changes for event driven model, largely in moving
 +	  the boundary between the screen code and the editor up and down.
 +	  Private release for Rob Zimmermann @ Tartan and Bill Shannon @ SMI.
 +1.49 -> 1.50 Fri Jun  9 13:56:17 1995
 +	+ Minor bug fixes for stability.
 +	+ Convert to an event driven model, with the usual Nachos Supreme
 +	  layering that results.  This is a completely new version, nothing
 +	  done previously matters any more.
 +1.48 -> 1.49 Wed Mar  8 10:42:17 1995
 +	+ Changes in 1.46 broke ^A processing.
 +	+ Add :previous to split screen commands.
 +	+ Lots o' random bug fixes -- passes purify testing again.
 +1.47 -> 1.48 Thu Feb  9 18:13:29 1995
 +	+ Random bug fixes for 1.47.
 +	+ Move the FREF (file structure) list out of the screen and into
 +	  the global area.
 +	+ Change semantics to :E to more closely match :e -- ":E" joins
 +	  the current file, so ":E /tmp" is now the command to match the
 +	  historic ":split".
 +1.46 -> 1.47 Wed Feb  8 19:43:41 1995
 +	+ All ex commands (including visual and excluding global and v)
 +	  are now supported inside ex global commands.
 +	+ Rework the append/change/insert commands to match historic
 +	  practice for text appended to the ex command line, and inside
 +	  of ex global commands.
 +	+ Restructure to make single-line screens work.
 +	+ Restructure to create curses independent screen routines.
 +	+ Restructure to permit Edit, Next, and Tag routines to create new
 +	  screens on the fly.
 +	+ Change hexadecimal output to be \x## instead of 0x##.
 +	+ Change ex commands run from vi to stay in vi mode for as long as
 +	  possible, i.e. until ex modifies the screen outside of the editor.
 +1.45 -> 1.46 Tue Jan 24 10:22:27 1995
 +	+ Restructure to build as a library.
 +1.44 -> 1.45 Thu Jan 12 21:33:06 1995
 +	+ Fix relative cursor motion to handle folded lines.
 +	+ Recompile the search pattern if applicable edit options change.
 +	+ Change +/-c command ordering to match historic practice.
 +	+ Rework autoindent code to always resolve preceeding <blank>
 +	  characters when a ^T or ^D are entered.
 +	+ Add the print/noprint edit options, so can now specify if
 +	  a character is printable.
 +	+ Change ex to run in canonical mode.
 +	+ Fix ex text input to support the number edit option.
 +	+ Vi text input fix for the R command to correctly restore
 +	  characters entered and then backspaced over.
 +	+ Several vi increment command fixes.
 +1.43 -> 1.44
 +	+ Bug fix, vi was printing the last line number on the status line
 +	  at startup.  Change to execute commands at first line set, i.e.
 +	  "vi -t tag -c cmd" executes cmd at the tag line, not EOF.
 +1.42 -> 1.43 Sat Dec  3 13:11:32 1994
 +	+ Marks, SunOS signed comparison fix for 1.42.
 +1.41 -> 1.42 Fri Dec  2 20:08:16 1994
 +	+ Make autowrite require the file not be read-only.
 +	+ Make the ex insert command work in empty files.
 +	+ Tab expansion is no longer limited to values < 20 (which matches
 +	  historical practice).
 +	+ Simplify (and fix limit detection for) the # command.  It's no
 +	  longer possible to use the # command itself to repeat or modify
 +	  a previous # command, '.' is the only possibility.
 +	+ Lots more reworking of the ex addresses, putting ? and / into
 +	  the ex addressing code broke the world.
 +	+ Make the Put, Preserve and Print commands work (don't ask).
 +	+ Split stdout/stderr from shell expansions; stdout is expansion
 +	  text, stderr is entered on the message queue.
 +1.40 -> 1.41 Fri Nov 18 16:13:52 1994
 +	+ Addition of a port for AUX 3.1
 +	+ Addition of a message catalog for Russian.
 +	+ Make vi ? and / commands be true ex addresses (historic practice).
 +	+ Display the date first in vi -r recovery list.
 +1.39 -> 1.40 Mon Nov 14 10:46:56 1994
 +	+ Two bug fixes for 1.39; -r option and v_change core dump.
 +1.38 -> 1.39 Sun Nov 13 18:04:08 1994
 +	+ Ex substitution with confirmation now matches historic practice
 +	  (except that it still runs in raw mode, not cooked).
 +	+ Nvi now clears the screen before painting, if repainting the
 +	  entire screen.
 +	+ Fix final cursor position for put command entering text in a
 +	  single line.
 +	+ Change to break error message lines on the last <blank> in the
 +	  line.
 +	+ Always center the current line when returning to a previously
 +	  edited file or moving to a tag line that's not visible on the
 +	  screen.
 +	+ Change write of the current file using an explicit name or % to
 +	  match the semantics of :w<CR>, not :w file<CR>.
 +	+ Add command aliases to vi, and remap 6 historic commands to their
 +	  historic counterparts: D->d$, Y->y_, S->c_, C->c$, A->$a, I->^i.
 +	+ Match option display to historic practice; if boolean or numeric
 +	  options changed to default values, not displayed by default.
 +	  Nvi treats string options the same way, vi always displayed any
 +	  string option that was changed.
 +	+ Added lock edit option, if not set, no file locking is done.
 +	+ Rework ex to permit any ex command in the EXINIT variable or
 +	  exrc startup files.  This fixes the bug were `vi +100 file'
 +	  painted the screen and then moved to line 100 and repainted.
 +	  (Yanked to SCCS ID 9.1.)
 +	+ Bug fix: could report file modified more recently than it was
 +	  written, incorrectly.
 +	+ Search fix: historically, motions with deltas were not corrected
 +	  to the previous/next line based on the starting/stopping column.
 +	+ Addressing fixes: make trailing non-existent addresses work, change
 +	  % to be text substitution, not a unique address (to follow future
 +	  POSIX).
 +1.37 -> 1.38 Mon Oct 24 12:51:58 1994
 +	+ Scrolling fix; ^B can move to nonexistent lines.
 +	+ Fix to vi mapped commands; <escape> characters while already in
 +	  command mode did not historically cause the mapped characters to
 +	  be flushed.
 +	+ Add the backup edit option, automatically version edit files.
 +	+ Make it possible to edit files that db can't read, i.e. edit a
 +	  temporary file, with the correct file name.
 +	+ Only anchor the last line of the file to the bottom line of the
 +	  screen if there's half or less of a screen between the target
 +	  line and the end of the file.
 +	+ Fix wrapmargin text allocation bug.
 +	+ Fix ex put command to work in any empty file.
 +	+ Fix global command to handle move's to line 0 correctly.
 +	+ Regularize the yank cursor motions, several bug fixes for historic
 +	  practice.
 +	+ Fix N and n, when used as a motion command for the ! command,
 +	  repeat the last bang command instead of prompting for a new
 +	  one.
 +	+ Timeout maps beginning with <escape> quickly, instead of based
 +	  on the keytime option.
 +	+ Bug fix for wraplen option, wasn't triggered for input commands.
 +1.36 -> 1.37 Sun Oct  9 19:02:53 1994
 +	+ Change PORT directories to install patches before distribution.
 +	+ Fix ^A to set search direction and pattern for consistency.
 +	+ Fold the showdirty option into the showmode option.
 +	+ Ex addressing fix: change search offset and line arguments (e.g.
 +	  the copy command) to be ex addressing offsets, matching historic
 +	  practice.
 +	+ Ex addressing fix: support ^ as an offset/flag equivalent to -.
 +	+ Ex addressing fix: historically, any missing address defaulted to
 +	  dot, e.g. "4,,," was the same as ".,.".
 +	+ Ex addressing fix: historically, <blank> separated numbers were
 +	  additive, e.g. "3 5p" displayed line 8.
 +	+ Ex addressing fix: make ';' as a range delimiter match historic
 +	  practice.
 +	+ Change nvi to exit immediately if stdout isn't a terminal.
 +	+ Change alternate file name behavior to match historic practice,
 +	  make the :write command set the current file name.
 +	+ Text input fix; input keys from a map, with an associated count,
 +	  weren't historically affected by the wrapmargin value.
 +	+ Add wraplen option, same as wrapmargin, but from the left-hand
 +	  column, not the right.
 +	+ Make ex address .<number> be equivalent to .+<number>, i.e. the
 +	  '+' is understood; matches historic practice, and it's widely
 +	  documented for ed(1).
 +	+ Input mode ^V^J historically mapped into a single ^J.
 +	+ Minor catalog changes, fixes; don't use 's' to pluralize words.
 +1.35 -> 1.36 Thu Sep  8 08:40:25 1994
 +	+ Don't overwrite user's maps with standard (termcap) mappings.
 +	+ Make \ escape kill and erase characters in vi text input mode.
 +	+ Fix ^D autoindent bug by resolving leading <blank>s at ^D.
 +	+ Rework abbreviation tests (again!) to match historic practice.
 +	+ Change ^D/^U default scrolling value to be based on window option
 +	  value, not screen lines, correct scrolling option value, both to
 +	  match historic practice.  NOTE: System V does this differently!
 +1.34 -> 1.35 Wed Aug 31 19:20:15 1994
 +	+ Add the historic -l option.
 +	+ Message catalogs.
 +	+ Display global messages at each flush, just in case some are there.
 +	+ Fix global substitute code, `\\' wasn't handled correctly.
 +	+ Fix abbreviation code to use <blank>s as the preceding character.
 +	+ Fix ruler to display logical column, not physical column.
 +	+ Block signals when user issues :preserve command, so no race caused
 +	  by SIGHUP/SIGTERM.
 +1.33 -> 1.34 Wed Aug 17 14:37:32 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
 +	+ Back out sccsid string fix, it won't work on SunOS 4.1.
 +1.32 -> 1.33 Wed Aug 17 09:31:41 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
 +	+ Get back 5K of data space for the sccsid strings.
 +	+ Fix bug where cG fix in version 1.31 broke cw cursor positioning
 +	  when the change command extended the line.
 +	+ Fix core dump in map/seq code if character larger than 7 bits.
 +	+ Block signals when manipulating the SCR chains.
 +	+ Fix memory allocation for machines with multiple pointer sizes.
 +1.31 -> 1.32 Mon Aug 15 14:27:49 1994
 +	+ Turn off recno mmap call for Solaris 2.4/SunOS 5.4.
 +1.30 -> 1.31 Sun Aug 14 13:13:35 1994
 +	+ Fix bug were cG on the last line of a file wasn't done in line mode,
 +	  and where the cursor wasn't positioned correctly after exiting text
 +	  insert mode.
 +	+ Add termcap workaround to make function keys greater than 9 work
 +	  correctly (or fail if old-style termcap support).
 +	+ Change ex/vi to not flush mapped keys on error -- this is historic
 +	  practice, and people depended on it.
 +	+ Rework vi parser so that no command including a mapped key ever
 +	  becomes the '.' command, matching historic practice.
 +	+ Make <escape> cancellation in the vi parser match POSIX 1003.2.
 +	+ Fix curses bug where standout string was written for each standout
 +	  character, and where standout mode was never exited explicitly.
 +	  Fix bugs in curses SF/sf and SR/sr scrolling, as seen on Sun and
 +	  x86 consoles.
 +	+ The v/global commands execute the print command by default.
 +	+ The number option historically applies to ex as well as vi.
 +1.29 -> 1.30 Mon Aug  8 10:30:42 1994
 +	+ Make first read into a temporary set the file's name.
 +	+ Permit any key to continue scrolling or ex commands -- this
 +	  allows stacked colon commands, and matches historic practice.
 +	+ Don't output normal ! command commentary in ex silent mode.
 +	+ Allow +/- flags after substitute commands, make line (flag)
 +	  offsets from vi mode match historic practice.
 +	+ Return <eof> to ex immediately, even if preceded by spaces.  Rework
 +	  ex parser to do erase the prompt instead of depending on the print
 +	  routines to do it.  Minor fixes to the ex parser for display of
 +	  default and scrolling commands.  MORE EX PARSER CHANGES.
 +1.28 -> 1.29 Fri Aug  5 10:18:07 1994
 +	+ Make the abbreviated ex delete command work (:dele---###lll for
 +	  example, is historically legal.
 +	+ When autoprint fires, multiple flags may be set, use ex_print
 +	  directly instead of the stub routines.
 +	+ Change v/global commands to turn off autoprint while running.
 +	+ Minor changes to make the ! command display match historic output.
 +	+ Rework the ex parser to permit multiple command separators without
 +	  commands -- MAJOR CHANGE, likely to introduce all sorts of new bugs.
 +	+ Fix cd command to expand argument in the context of each element
 +	  of the cdpath option, make relative paths always relative to the
 +	  current directory.
 +	+ Rework write/quit cases for temporary files, so that user's don't
 +	  discard them accidentally.
 +	+ Check for window size changes when continuing after a suspend.
 +	+ Fix memory problem in svi_screen, used free'd memory.
 +	+ Change the ex change, insert, append commands to match historic
 +	  cursor positions if no data entered by the user.
 +	+ Change ex format flags (#, l, p) to affect future commands, not
 +	  just the current one, to match historic practice.
 +	+ Make the user's EOF character an additional scroll character in ex.
 +	+ Fix ex ^D scrolling to be the value of the scroll option, not half
 +	  the screen.
 +	+ Fix buffer execution to match historic practice -- bugs where the
 +	  '*' command didn't work, and @<carriage-return> didn't work.
 +	+ Fix doubled reporting of deleted lines in filters.
 +	+ Rework the % ` / ? ( ) N n { and ^A commands to always cut into
 +	  numeric buffers regardless of the location or length of the cut.
 +	  This matches historic practice.
 +	+ Fix the { command to check the current line if the cursor doesn't
 +	  start on the first character of the line.
 +	+ Do '!' expansion in the ex read command arguments, it's historic
 +	  practice.  In addition, it sets the last '!' command.
 +1.27 -> 1.28 Wed Jul 27 21:29:18 1994
 +	+ Add support for scrolling using the CS and SF/sf/SR/sr termcap
 +	  strings to the 4BSD curses.
 +	+ Rework of getkey() introduced a bug where command interrupt put
 +	  nvi into an infinite loop.
 +	+ Piping through a filter historically cut the replaced lines into
 +	  the default buffer, although not the numeric ones.
 +	+ Read of a filter and !! historically moved to the first nonblank
 +	  of the resulting cursor line (most of the time).
 +	+ Rework cursor motion flags, to support '!' as a motion command.
 +1.26 -> 1.27 Tue Jul 26 10:27:58 1994
 +	+ Add the meta option, to specify characters the shell will expand.
 +	+ Fix the read command to match historic practice, the white space
 +	  and bang characters weren't getting parsed correctly.
 +	+ Change SIGALRM handler to save and restore errno.
 +	+ Change SunOS include/compat.h to include <vfork.h> so that the
 +	  ex/filter.c code works again.
 +	+ Don't put lines deleted by the ex delete command into the numeric
 +	  buffers, matching historic practice.
 +	+ Fix; if appending to a buffer, default buffer historically only
 +	  references the appended text, not the resulting text.
 +	+ Support multiple, semi-colon separated search strings, and 'z'
 +	  commands after search strings.
 +	+ Make previous context mark setting match historic practice (see
 +	  docs/internals/context).
 +	+ Fix the set command to permit whitespace between the option and
 +	  the question mark, fix question marks in general.
 +	+ Fix bug where ex error messages could be accidentally preceded
 +	  by a single space.
 +	+ Fix bug where curses reorganization could lose screen specific
 +	  mappings as soon as any screen exited.
 +	+ Fix bug in paragraph code where invalid macros could be matched.
 +	  Make paragraph motions stop at formfeed (^L) characters.
 +	+ Change 'c' to match historic practice, it cut text into numeric
 +	  buffers.
 +1.25 -> 1.26 Tue Jul 19 17:46:24 1994
 +	+ Ignore SIGWINCH if the screen size is unchanged; SunOS systems
 +	  deliver one when a screen is uncovered.
 +	+ Fix: don't permit a command with a motion component to wrap due
 +	  to wrapscan and return to the original cursor position.
 +	+ Fix: ^E wasn't beeping when reaching the bottom of the file.
 +	+ Fix bg/fg bug where tmp file exiting caused a NULL dereference.
 +	+ Rework file locking code to use fcntl(2) explicitly.
 +	+ Fix bug in section code where invalid macros could be matched.
 +	+ Fix bug where line number reset by vi's Q command.
 +	+ Add explicit character mode designation to character mode buffers.
 +	+ Add <sys/ioctl.h> include to sex/sex_window.c, needed by NET/2
 +	  vintage systems.
 +	+ Change to always flush a character during suspend, 4BSD curses
 +	  has the optimization where it doesn't flush after a standend().
 +	+ Fix bug on OSF1 where <curses.h> changes the values of VERASE,
 +	  VKILL and VWERASE to incorrect ones.
 +	+ Fix bug where optarg used incorrectly in main.c.
 +	+ Block all signals when acting on a signal delivery.
 +	+ Fix recovery bug where RCV_EMAIL could fire even if there wasn't
 +	  a backing file; format recovery message.
 +1.24 -> 1.25 Sun Jul 17 14:33:38 1994
 +	+ Stop allowing keyboard suspends (^Z) in insert mode, it's hard
 +	  to get autowrite correct, and it's not historic practice.
 +	+ Fix z^, z+ to match historic practice.
 +	+ Bug in message handling, "vi +35 non-existent_file" lost the
 +	  status message because the "+35" pushed onto the stack erased
 +	  it.  For now, change so that messages aren't displayed if there
 +	  are keys waiting -- may need to add a "don't-erase" bit to the
 +	  character in the stack instead.
 +	+ Bug in svi_msgflush(), where error messages could come out in
 +	  normal video.
 +1.23 -> 1.24 Sat Jul 16 18:30:18 1994
 +	+ Fix core dump in exf.c, where editing a non-existent file and
 +	  exiting could cause already free'd memory to be free'd.
 +	+ Clean up numerous memory errors, courtesy of Purify.
 +	+ Change process wait code to fail if wait fails, and not attempt
 +	  to interpret the wait return information.
 +	+ Open recovery and DB files for writing as well as reading, System
 +	  V (fcntl) won't let you acquire LOCK_EX locks otherwise.
 +	+ Fix substitute bug where could malloc 0 bytes (AIX breaks).
 +	+ Permit the mapping of <carriage-return>, it's historic practice.
 +	+ Historic vi didn't eat <blank> characters before the force
 +	  flag, match historic practice.
 +	+ Bug in ex argument parsing, corrected for literal characters
 +	  twice.
 +	+ Delete screen specific maps when the screen closes.
 +	+ Move to the first non-<blank> in the line on startup; historic
 +	  practice.
 +	+ Change the ex visual command to move directly to a line if no
 +	  trailing 'z' command.
 +	+ Fix "[[" and "]]" to match historic practice (yet again...).
 +	+ Fix "yb" and "y{" commands to update the cursor correctly.
 +	+ Change "~<motion>" to match the yank cursor movement semantics
 +	  exactly.
 +	+ Move all of the curses related code into sex/svi -- major rework,
 +	  but should help in future ports.
 +	+ Fix bug in split code caused by new file naming code, where would
 +	  drop core when a split screen exited.
 +	+ Change svi_ex_write to do character display translation, so that
 +	  messages with file names in them are displayed correctly.
 +	+ Display the file name on split screens instead of a divider line.
 +	+ Fix move bug, wasn't copying lines before putting them.
 +	+ Fix bug were :n dropped core if no arguments supplied.
 +	+ Don't quote characters in executed buffer: "ifoo<esc>" should leave
 +	  insert mode after the buffer is executed.
 +	+ Tagpop and tagpush should set the absolute mark in case only moving
 +	  within a file.
 +	+ Skip leading whitespace characters before tags and cursor word
 +	  searches.
 +	+ Fix bug in ex_global where re_conv() was allocating the temporary
 +	  buffer and not freeing it.
 +1.22 -> 1.23: Wed Jun 29 19:22:33 1994
 +	+ New <sys/cdefs.h> required "inline" to change to "__inline"
 +	+ Fix System V curses code for new ^Z support.
 +	+ Fix off-by-one in the move code, avoid ":1,$mo$" with only one
 +	  line in the buffer.
 +	+ Line orientation of motion commands was remembered too long,
 +	  i.e.  '.' command could be incorrectly marked as line oriented.
 +	+ Move file modification time into EXF, so it's shared across
 +	  split screens.
 +	+ Put the prev[ious] command back in, people complained.
 +	+ Random fixes to next/prev semantics changed in 1.22.
 +	+ Historically vi doesn't only move to the last address if there's
 +	  ANYTHING after the addresses, e.g. ":3" moves to line 3, ":3|"
 +	  prints line 3.
 +1.21 -> 1.22: Mon Jun 27 11:01:41 1994
 +	+ Make the line between split screens inverse video again.
 +	+ Delete the prev[ious] command, it's not useful enough to keep.
 +	+ Rework :args/file name handling from scratch -- MAJOR CHANGE,
 +	  likely to introduce all sorts of new bugs.
 +	+ Fix RE bug where no subexpressions in the pattern but there were
 +	  subexpressions referenced in the replacement, e.g. "s/XXX/\1/g".
 +	+ Change recovery to not leave unmodified files around after a
 +	  crash, by using the owner 'x' bit on unmodified backup files.
 +	  MAJOR CHANGE, the system recovery script has to change!
 +	+ Change -r option to delete recovery.* files that reference non-
 +	  existent vi.* files.
 +	+ Rework recovery locking so that fcntl(2) locking will work.
 +	+ Fix append (upper-case) buffers, broken by cut fixes.
 +	+ Fix | to not set the absolute motion mark.
 +	+ Read $HOME/.exrc file on startup if the effective user ID is
 +	  root.  This makes running vi while su(1)'d work correctly.
 +	+ Use the full pathname of the file as the recovery name, not
 +	  just the last component.  Matches historic practice.
 +	+ Keep marks in empty files from being destroyed.
 +	+ Block all caught signals before calling the DB routines.
 +	+ Make the line change report match historic practice (yanked
 +	  lines were different than everything else).
 +	+ Add section on multiple screens to the reference manual.
 +	+ Display all messages at once, combine onto a single line if
 +	  possible.  Delete the trailing period from all messages.
 +1.20 -> 1.21: Thu May 19 12:21:58 1994
 +	+ Delete the -l flag from the recover mail.
 +	+ Send the user email if ex command :preserve executed, this matches
 +	  historic practice.  Lots of changes to the preserve and recovery
 +	  code, change preserve to snapshot files (again, historic practice).
 +	+ Make buffers match historic practice: "add logically stores text
 +	  into buffer a, buffer 1, and the unnamed buffer.
 +	+ Print <tab> characters as ^I on the colon command line if the
 +	  list option set.
 +	+ Adjust ^F and ^B scroll values in the presence of split screens
 +	  and small windows.
 +	+ Break msg* routines out from util.c into msg.c, start thinking
 +	  about message catalogs.
 +	+ Add tildeop set option, based on stevie's option of the same name.
 +	  Changes  the ~ command into "[count] ~ motion", i.e. ~ takes a
 +	  trailing motion.
 +	+ Chose NOT to match historic practice on cursor positioning after
 +	  consecutive undo commands on a single line; see vi/v_undo.c for
 +	  the comment.
 +	+ Add a one line cache so that multiple changes to the same line
 +	  are only counted once (e.g. "dl35p" changes one line, not 35).
 +	+ Rework signals some more.  Block file sync signals in vi routines
 +	  that interface to DB, so can sync the files at interrupt time.
 +	  Write up all of the signal handling arguments, see signal.c.
 +1.19 -> 1.20: Thu May  5 19:24:57 1994
 +	+ Return ^Z to synchronous handling.  See the dicussion in signal.c
 +	  and svi_screen.c:svi_curses_init().
 +	+ Fix bug where line change report was wrong in util.c:msg_rpt().
 +1.18 -> 1.19: Thu May  5 12:59:51 1994
 +	+ Block DSUSP so that ^Y isn't delivered at SIGTSTP.
 +	+ Fix bug -- put into an empty file leaves the cursor at 1,0,
 +	  not the first nonblank.
 +	+ Fix bug were number of lines reported for the 'P' command was
 +	  off-by-one.
 +	+ Fix bug were 0^D wasn't being handled correctly.
 +	+ Delete remnants of ^Z as a raw character.
 +	+ Fix bug where if a map was an entire colon command, it may never
 +	  have been displayed.
 +	+ Final cursor position fixes for the vi T and t commands.
 +	+ The ex :next command took an optional ex command as it's first
 +	  argument similar to the :edit commands.  Match historic practice.
 +1.17 -> 1.18: Wed May  4 13:57:10 1994
 +	+ Rework curses information in the PORT/Makefile's.
 +	+ Minor fixes to ^Z asynchronous code.
 +1.16 -> 1.17: Wed May  4 11:15:56 1994
 +	+ Make ex comment handling match historic practice.
 +	+ Make ^Z work asynchronously, we can no longer use the SIGTSTP
 +	  handler in the curses library.
 +1.15 -> 1.16: Mon May  2 19:42:07 1994
 +	+ Make the 'p' and 'P' commands support counts, i.e. "Y10p" works.
 +	+ Make characters that map to themselves as the first part of the
 +	  mapping work, it's historic practice.
 +	+ Fix bug where "s/./\& /" discarded the space in the replacement
 +	  string.
 +	+ Add support for up/down cursor arrows in text input mode, rework
 +	  left/right support to match industry practice.
 +	+ Fix bug were enough character remapping could corrupt memory.
 +	+ Delete O_REMAPMAX in favor of setting interrupts after N mapped
 +	  characters without a read, delete the map counter per character.
 +	  MAJOR CHANGE.  All of the interrupt signal handling has been
 +	  reworked so that interrupts are always turned on instead of
 +	  being turned on periodically, when an interruptible operation is
 +	  pending.
 +	+ Fix bug where vi wait() was interrupted by the recovery alarm.
 +	+ Make +cmd's and initial commands execute with the current line
 +	  set to the last line of the file.  This is historic practice.
 +	+ Change "lock failed" error message to a file status message.
 +	  It always fails over NFS, and making all NFS files readonly
 +	  isn't going to fly.
 +	+ Use the historic line number format, but check for overflow.
 +	+ Fix bug where vi command parser ignored buffers specified as
 +	  part of the motion command.
 +	+ Make [@*]buffer commands on character mode buffers match historic
 +	  practice.
 +	+ Fix bug where the cmap/chf entries of the tty structure weren't
 +	  being cleared when new characters were read.
 +	+ Fix bug where the default command motion flags were being set
 +	  when the command was a motion component.
 +	+ Fix wrapmargin bug; if appending characters, and wrapmargin breaks
 +	  the line, an additional space is eaten.
 +1.14 -> 1.15: Fri Apr 29 07:44:57 1994
 +	+ Make the ex delete command work in any empty file.
 +	+ Fix bug where 't' command placed the cursor on the character
 +	  instead of to its left.
 +	+ ^D and ^U didn't set the scroll option value historically.
 +	  Note, this change means that any user set value (e.g. 15^D)
 +	  will be lost when splitting the screen, since the split code
 +	  now resets the scroll value regardless.
 +	+ Fix the ( command to set the absolute movement mark.
 +	+ Only use TIOCGWINSZ for window information if SIGWINCH signal
 +	  caught.
 +	+ Delete the -l flag, and make -r work for multiple arguments.
 +	  Add the ex "recover[!] file" command.
 +	+ Switch into ex terminal mode and use the sex routines when
 +	  append/change/insert called from vi mode.
 +	+ Make ^F and ^B match historic practice.  This required a fairly
 +	  extensive rework of the svi scrolling code.
 +	+ Cursor positioning in H, M, L, G (first non-blank for 1G) wasn't
 +	  being done correctly.  Delete the SETLFNB flag.  H, M, and L stay
 +	  logical movements (SETNNB) and G always moves to the first nonblank.
 +	+ System V uses "lines" and "cols", not "li" and "co", change as
 +	  necessary.  Check termcap function returns for errors.
 +	+ Fix `<character> command to do start/end of line correction,
 +	  and to set line mode if starting and stopping at column 0.
 +	+ Fix bug in delete code where dropped core if deleted in character
 +	  mode to an empty line.  (Rework the delete code for efficiency.)
 +	+ Give up on SunOS 4.1.X, and use "cc" instead of /usr/5bin/cc.
 +	+ Protect ex_getline routine from interrupted system calls (if
 +	  possible, set SA_RESTART on SIGALRM, too).
 +	+ Fix leftright scrolling bug, when moving to a shorter line.
 +	+ Do validity checking on the copy, move, t command target line
 +	  numbers.
 +	+ Change for System V % pattern broke trailing flags for empty
 +	  replacement strings.
 +	+ Fix bug when RCM flags retained in the saved dot structure.
 +	+ Make the ex '=' command work for empty files.
 +	+ Fix bug where special_key array was being free'd (it's no longer
 +	  allocated).
 +	+ Matches cut in line mode only if the starting cursor is at or
 +	  before the first nonblank in its line, and the ending cursor is
 +	  at or after the last nonblank in its line.
 +	+ Add the :wn command, so you can write a file and switch to a new
 +	  file in one command.
 +	+ Allow only a single key as an argument to :viusage.
 +	+ New movement code broke filter/paragraph operations in empty
 +	  files ("!}date" in an empty file was dropping core).
 +1.12 -> 1.14: Mon Apr 18 11:05:10 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION, 4.4BSD)
 +	+ Fix FILE structure leakage in the ex filter code.
 +	+ Rework suspend code for System V curses.  Nvi has to do the
 +	  the work, there's no way to get curses to do it right.
 +	+ Revert SunOS 4.1.X ports to the distributed curses.  There's
 +	  a bug in Sun's implementation that we can't live with.
 +	+ Quit immediately if row/column values are unreasonable.
 +	+ Fix the function keys to match vi historic behavior.
 +	+ Replace the echo/awk magic in the Makefile's with awk scripts.
 +1.11 -> 1.12: Thu Apr 14 11:10:19 1994
 +	+ Fix bug where only the first vi key was checked for validity.
 +	+ Make 'R' continue to overwrite after a <carriage-return>.
 +	+ Only display the "no recovery" message once.
 +	+ Rework line backup code to restore the line to its previous
 +	  condition.
 +	+ Don't permit :q in a .exrc file or EXINIT variable.
 +	+ Fix wrapscan option bug where forward searches become backward
 +	  searches and do cursor correction accordingly.
 +	+ Change "dd" to move the cursor to the first non-blank on the line.
 +	+ Delete cursor attraction to the first non-blank, change non-blank
 +	  motions to set the most attractive cursor position instead.
 +	+ Fix 'r' substitute option to set the RE to the last RE, not the
 +	  last substitute RE.
 +	+ Fix 'c' and 'g' substitute options to always toggle, and fix
 +	  edcompatible option to not reset them.
 +	+ Display ex error messages in inverse video.
 +	+ Fix errorbells option to match historic practice.
 +	+ Delete fixed character display table in favor of table built based
 +	  on the current locale.
 +	+ Add ":set octal" option, that displays unknown characters as octal
 +	  values instead of the default hexadecimal.
 +	+ Make all command and text input modes interruptible.
 +	+ Fix ex input mode to display error messages immediately, instead
 +	  of waiting for the lines to be resolved.
 +	+ Fix bug where vi calling append could overwrite the command.
 +	+ Fix off-by-one in the ex print routine tab code.
 +	+ Fix incorrect ^D test in vi text input routines.
 +	+ Add autoindent support for ex text insert routines.
 +	+ Add System V substitute command replacement pattern semantics,
 +	  where '%' means the last replacement pattern.
 +	+ Fix bug that \ didn't escape newlines in ex commands.
 +	+ Regularize the names of special characters to CH_*.
 +	+ Change hex insert character from ^Vx<hex_char> to ^X<hex_char>
 +	+ Integrate System V style curses, so SunOS and Solaris ports can
 +	  use the native curses implementation.
 +1.10 -> 1.11: Thu Mar 24 16:07:45 EST 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
 +	+ Change H, M, and L to set the absolute mark, historical practice.
 +	+ Fix bug in stepping through multiple tags files.
 +	+ Add "remapmax" option that turns off map counts so you can remap
 +	  infinitely.  If it's off, term_key() can be interrupted from the
 +	  keyboard, which will cause the buffers to flush.  I also dropped
 +	  the default max number of remaps to 50.  (Only Dave Hitz's TM
 +	  macros and maze appear to go over that limit.)
 +	+ Change :mkexrc to not dump w{300,1200,9600}, lisp options.
 +	+ Fix backward search within a line bug.
 +	+ Change all the includes of "pathnames.h" to use <>'s so that the
 +	  PORT versions can use -I. to replace it with their own versions.
 +	+ Make reads and writes interruptible.  Rework code that enters and
 +	  leaves ex for '!' and filter commands, rework all interrupt and
 +	  timer code.
 +	+ Fix core dump when user displayed option in .exrc file.
 +	+ Fix bug where writing empty files didn't update the saved
 +	  modification time.
 +	+ Fix bug where /pattern/ addressing was always a backward search.
 +	+ Fix bug triggered by autoindent of more than 32 characters, where
 +	  nvi wasn't checking the right TEXT length.
 +	+ Fix bug where joining only empty lines caused a core dump.
 +1.09 -> 1.10: Sat Mar 19 15:40:29 EST 1994
 +	+ Fix "set all" core dump.
 +1.08 -> 1.09: Sat Mar 19 10:11:14 EST 1994
 +	+ If the tag's file path is relative, and it doesn't exist, check
 +	  relative to the tag file location.
 +	+ Fix ~ command to free temporary buffer on error return.
 +	+ Create vi.ref, a first cut at a reference document for vi.
 +	  The manual page and the reference document only document the
 +	  set options, so far.
 +	+ Fix 1G bug not always going to the first non-blank.
 +	+ Upgrade PORT/regex to release alpha3.4, from Henry Spencer.
 +	+ Add MKS vi's "cdpath" option, supporting a cd search path.
 +	+ Handle if search as a motion was discarded, i.e. "d/<erase>".
 +	+ Change nvi to not create multiple recovery files if modifying
 +	  a recovered file.
 +	+ Decide to ignore that the cursor is before the '$' when inserting
 +	  in list mode.  It's too hard to fix.
 +1.07 -> 1.08: Wed Mar 16 07:37:36 EST 1994
 +	+ Leftright and big line scrolling fixes.  This meant more changes
 +	  to the screen display code, so there may be new problems.
 +	+ Don't permit search-style addresses until a file has been read.
 +	+ "c[Ww]" command incorrectly handled the "in whitespace" case.
 +	+ Fix key space allocation bug triggered by cut/paste under SunOS.
 +	+ Ex move command got the final cursor position wrong.
 +	+ Delete "optimize option not implemented" message.
 +	+ Make the literal-next character turn off mapping for the next
 +	  character in text input mode.
 +1.06 -> 1.07: Mon Mar 14 11:10:33 EST 1994
 +	+ The "wire down" change in 1.05 broke ex command parsing, there
 +	  wasn't a corresponding change to handle multiple K_VLNEXT chars.
 +	+ Fix final position for vi's 't' command.
 +1.05 -> 1.06: Sun Mar 13 16:12:52 EST 1994
 +	+ Wire down ^D, ^H, ^W, and ^V, regardless of the user's termios
 +	  values.
 +	+ Add ^D as the ex scroll command.
 +	+ Support ^Q as a literal-next character.
 +	+ Rework abbreviations to be delimited by any !inword() character.
 +	+ Add options description to the manual page.
 +	+ Minor screen cache fix for svi_get.c.
 +	+ Rework beautify option support to match historical practice.
 +	+ Exit immediately if not reading from a tty and a command fails.
 +	+ Default the SunOS 4.* ports to the distributed curses, not SMI's.
 +1.04 -> 1.05: Thu Mar 24 16:07:45 EST 1994
 +	+ Make cursor keys work in input mode.
 +	+ Rework screen column code in vi curses screen.  MAJOR CHANGE --
 +	  after this, we'll be debugging curses screen presentation from
 +	  scratch.
 +	+ Explode include files in vi.h into the source files.
 +1.03 -> 1.04: Sun Mar  6 14:14:16 EST 1994
 +	+ Make the ex move command keep the marks on the moved lines.
 +	+ Change resize semantics so you can set the screen size to a
 +	  specific value.  A couple of screen fixes for the resize code.
 +	+ Fixes for foreground/background due to SIGWINCH.
 +	+ Complete rework of all of vi's cursor movements.  The underlying
 +	  assumption in the old code was that the starting cursor position
 +	  was part of the range of lines cut or deleted.  The command
 +	  "d[[" is an example where this isn't true.  Change it so that all
 +	  motion component commands set the final cursor position separately
 +	  from the range, as it can't be done correctly later.  This is a
 +	  MAJOR CHANGE -- after this change, we'll be debugging the cursor
 +	  positioning from scratch.
 +	+ Rewrite the B, b, E, e commands to use vi's getc() interface
 +	  instead of rolling their own.
 +	+ Add a second MARK structure, LMARK, which is the larger mark
 +	  needed by the logging and mark queue code.  Everything else uses
 +	  the reworked MARK structure, which is simply a line/column pair.
 +	+ Rework cut/delete to not expect 1-past-the-end in the range, but
 +	  to act on text to the end of the range, inclusive.
 +	+ Sync on write's, to force NFS to flush.
 +1.01 -> 1.03: Sun Jan 23 17:50:35 EST 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
 +	+ Tag stack fixes, was returning to the tag, not the position from
 +	  which the user tagged.
 +	+ Only use from the cursor to the end of the word in cursor word
 +	  searches and tags.  (Matches historical vi behavior.)
 +	+ Fix delete-last-line bug when line number option set.
 +	+ Fix usage line for :split command.
 +	+ If O_NUMBER set, long input lines would eventually fail, the column
 +	  count for the second screen of long lines wasn't set correctly.
 +	+ Fix for [[ reaching SOF with a column longer than the first line.
 +	+ Fix for multiple error messages if no screen displayed.
 +	+ Fix :read to set alternate file name as in historical practice.
 +	+ Fix cut to rotate the numeric buffers if line mode flag set.
 +1.00 -> 1.01: Wed Jan 12 13:37:18 EST 1994
 +	+ Don't put cut items into numeric buffers if cutting less than
 +	  parts of two lines.
 +0.94 -> 1.00: Mon Jan 10 02:27:27 EST 1994
 +	+ Read-ahead not there; BSD tty driver problem, SunOS curses
 +	  problem.
 +	+ Global command could error if it deleted the last line of
 +	  the file.
 +	+ Change '.' to only apply to the 'u' if entered immediately
 +	  after the 'u' command.  "1pu.u.u. is still broken, but I
 +	  expect that it's going to be sacrificed for multiple undo.
 +	+ If backward motion on a command, now move to the point; get
 +	  yank cursor positioning correct.
 +	+ Rework cut buffers to match historic practice -- yank/delete
 +	  numeric buffers redone sensibly, ignoring historic practice.
 +0.92 -> 0.93: Mon Dec 20 19:52:14 EST 1993
 +	+ Christos Zoulas reimplemented the script windows using pty's,
 +	  which means that they now work reasonably.  The down side of
 +	  this is that almost all ports other than 4.4BSD need to include
 +	  two new files, login_tty.c and pty.c from the PORT/clib directory.
 +	  I've added them to the Makefiles.
 +	+ All calloc/malloc/realloc functions now cast their pointers, for
 +	  SunOS -- there should be far fewer warning messages, during the
 +	  build.  The remaining messages are where CHAR_T's meet char *'s,
 +	  i.e. where 8-bit clean meets strcmp.
 +	+ The user's argument list handling has been reworked so that there
 +	  is always a single consistent position for use by :next, :prev and
 +	  :rewind.
 +	+ All of the historical options are now at least accepted, although
 +	  not all of them are implemented.  (Edcompatible, hardtabs, lisp,
 +	  optimize, redraw, and slowopen aren't implemented.)
 +	+ The RE's have been reworked so that matches of length 0 are handled
 +	  in the same way as vi used to handle them.
 +	+ Several more mapping fixes and ex parser addressing fixes.
 diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced
 --- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
 +++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced	2008-06-22 20:35:35.000000000 +0200
 @@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@
 +Section 26: Index to the rest of the tutorial
 +
 +The remainder of the tutorial can be perused at your leisure.  Simply find the
 +topic of interest in the following list, and {/Section xx:/^M} to get to the
 +appropriate section.  (Remember that ^M means the return key) 
 +
 +The material in the following sections is not necessarily in a bottom up
 +order.  It should be fairly obvious that if a section mentions something with
 +which you are not familiar, say, buffers, you might {/buffer/^M} followed by
 +several {n} to do a keyword search of the file for more details on that item.
 +Another point to remember is that commands are surrounded by curly-braces and
 +can therefore be found rather easily.  To see where, say, the X command is
 +used try {/{X}/^M}.  Subsequent {n} will show you other places the command was
 +used.  We have tried to maintain the convention of placing the command letter
 +surrounded by curly-braces on the section line where that command is
 +mentioned.
 +
 +Finally, you should have enough 'savvy' at this point to be able to do your
 +own experimentation with commands without too much hand-holding on the part of
 +the tutorial.  Experimentation is the best way to learn the effects of the
 +commands.
 +
 + Section      Topic - description
 + -------      -------------------
 +(Sections 1 through 25 are located in the file vi.beginner.)
 +    1         introduction: {^F} {ZZ}
 +    2         introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
 +    3         introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
 +    4         positioning: {^F} {^B} ^M (return key)
 +    5         quitting: {:q!} ^M key
 +    6         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
 +    7         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
 +    8         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {z} {m} {'}
 +    9         marking and positioning: {m} {''}
 +   10         line positioning: {^M} {-}
 +   11         scrolling with {^M}
 +   12         scrolling with {-} and screen adjustment {z}
 +   13         notes on use of tutorial
 +   14         other scrolling and postioning commands: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
 +   15         searching: {/ .. /^M}
 +   16         searching: {? .. ?^M} {n} (in search strings ^ $)
 +   17         searching: \ and magic-characters in search strings
 +   18         colon commands, exiting: {:} {ZZ}
 +   19         screen positioning: {H} {M} {L}
 +   20         character positioning: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
 +   21         cursor positioning: {l} {k} {j} {h}
 +   22         adding text: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
 +   23         character manipulation: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
 +   24         undo: {u} {U}
 +   25         review
 +(The following sections are in this file.)
 +   26         Index to the rest of the tutorial ******** YOU ARE HERE *******
 +   27         discussion of repeat counts and the repeat command: {.}
 +   28         more on low-level character motions: {t} {T} {|}
 +   29         advanced correction operators: {d} {c}
 +   30         updating the screen: {^R}
 +   31         text buffers: {"}
 +   32         rearranging and duplicating text: {p} {P} {y} {Y}
 +   33         recovering lost lines
 +   34         advanced file manipulation with vi
 +   34.1          more than one file at a time: {:n}
 +   34.2          reading files and command output: {:r}
 +   34.3          invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
 +   34.4          escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!}
 +   34.5          writing parts of a file: {:w}
 +   34.6          filtering portions of text: {!}
 +   35         advanced searching: magic patterns 
 +   36         advanced substitution: {:s} 
 +   37         advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
 +   38         higher level text objects and nroff: ( ) { } [[ ]]
 +   39         more about inserting text
 +   40         more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
 +   41         abbreviations: {:ab}
 +   42         vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
 +   43         vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
 +   44         options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
 +   44.1          autoindent
 +   44.2          autoprint
 +   44.3          autowrite
 +   44.4          beautify
 +   44.5          directory
 +   44.6          edcompatible
 +   44.7          errorbells
 +   44.8          hardtabs
 +   44.9          ignorecase
 +   44.10         lisp
 +   44.11         list
 +   44.12         magic
 +   44.13         mesg                    
 +   44.14         number
 +   44.15         open
 +   44.16         optimize
 +   44.17         paragraphs
 +   44.18         prompt
 +   44.19         readonly
 +   44.20         redraw
 +   44.21         remap
 +   44.22         report
 +   44.23         scroll
 +   44.24         sections
 +   44.25         shell
 +   44.26         shiftwidth
 +   44.27         showmatch
 +   44.28         slowopen
 +   44.29         tabstop
 +   44.30         tags
 +   44.31         taglength
 +   44.32         term
 +   44.33         terse
 +   44.34         timeout
 +   44.35         ttytype
 +   44.36         warn
 +   44.37         window
 +   44.38         wrapscan
 +   44.39         wrapmargin
 +   44.40         writeany
 +   44.41         w300, w1200, w9600
 +
 +Section 27: repetition counts and the repeat command {.}
 +
 +Most vi commands will use a preceding count to affect their behavior in some
 +way.  We have already seen how {3x} deletes three characters, and {22G} moves
 +us to line 22 of the file.  For almost all of the commands, one can survive by
 +thinking of these leading numbers as a 'repeat count' specifying that the
 +command is to be repeated so many number of times.
 +
 +Other commands use the repeat count slightly differently, like the {G} command
 +which use it as a line number.
 +
 +For example:
 +
 +{3^D} means scroll down in the file three lines.  Subsequent {^D} OR {^U} will
 +scroll only three lines in their respective directions!
 +
 +{3z^M} says put line three of the file at the top of the screen, while {3z.}
 +says put line three as close to the middle of the screen as possible.
 +
 +{50|} moves the cursor to column fifty in the current line.
 +
 +{3^F} says move forward 3 screenfulls.  This is a repetition count.  The
 +documents advertise that {3^B} should move BACK three screenfulls, but I
 +can't get it to work.
 +
 +Position the cursor on some text and try {3r.}.  This replaces three characters
 +with '...'.  However, {3s.....^[} is the same as {3xi.....^[}.
 +
 +Try {10a+----^[}.
 +
 +A very useful instance of a repetition count is one given to the '.' command,
 +which repeats the last 'change' command.  If you {dw} and then {3.}, you will
 +delete first one and then three words.  You can then delete two more words with
 +{2.}.  If you {3dw}, you will delete three words.  A subsequent {.} will delete
 +three more words.  But a subsequent {2.} will delete only two words, not three
 +times two words.
 +
 +Caveat: The author has noticed that any repetition count with {^B} will NOT
 +work: indeed, if you are at the end of your file and try {3^B} sufficiently
 +often, the editor will hang you in an infinite loop.  Please don't try it:
 +take my word for it.
 +
 +Section 28: {t} {T} {|}
 +
 +Position the cursor on line 13 below:
 +
 +Line 13: Four score and seven years ago, our forefathers brought ...
 +
 +Note that {fv} moves the cursor on/over the 'v' in 'seven'.  Do a {0} to return
 +to the beginning of the line and try a {tv}.  The cursor is now on/over the
 +first 'e' in 'seven'.  The {f} command finds the next occurrence of the
 +specified letter and moves the cursor to it.  The {t} command finds the
 +specified letter and moves the cursor to the character immediately preceding
 +it.  {T} searches backwards, as does {F}.
 +
 +Now try {60|}: the cursor is now on the 'o' in 'brought', which is the
 +sixtieth character on the line.
 +
 +Section 29: {d} {c}
 +
 +Due to their complexity we have delayed discussion of two of the most powerful
 +operators in vi until now.  Effective use of these operators requires more
 +explanation than was deemed appropriate for the first half of the tutorial.
 +
 +{d} and {c} are called operators instead of commands because they consist of
 +three parts: a count specification or a buffer specification (see section
 +#BUFFERS), the {d} or {c}, and the object or range description.  We will not
 +discuss buffers at this stage, but will limit ourselves to count
 +specifications.  Examples speak louder than words: position the cursor at the
 +beginning of line 14:
 +
 +Line 14: Euclid alone has looked on beauty bear.
 +
 +Obviously, there is something wrong with this quotation.  Type {2fb} to
 +position the cursor on the 'b' of 'bear'.  Now, type {cwbare^[}
 +and observe the results.  The {cw} specifies that the change command {c} is to
 +operate on a word object.  More accurately, it specifies that the range of the
 +change command includes the next word.
 +
 +Position the cursor on the period in Line 14. (one way is to use {f.})
 +Now, type {cbbeast^[}.  This specifies the range of the change command to be the
 +previous word (the 'b' reminiscent of the {b} command).  If we had wished to
 +delete the word rather than change it, we would have used the {d} operator,
 +rather than the {c} operator.
 +
 +Position the cursor at the beginning of the line with {0}.  Type
 +{d/look/^M}.  The search string specified the range of the delete.
 +Everything UP TO the word 'looking' was deleted from the line.
 +
 +In general, almost any command that would move the cursor will specify a range
 +for these commands.  The most confusing exception to this rule is when {dd} or
 +{cc} is entered: they refer to the whole line.  Following is a summary of the
 +suffixes (suffices? suffici?) and the ranges they specify:
 +
 +    suffix        will delete{d}/change{c}
 +    ------        ------------------------
 +      ^[            cancels the command
 +      w             the word to the right of the cursor
 +      W             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
 +      b             the word to the left of the cursor
 +      B             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
 +      e             see below.
 +      E               ditto
 +      (space)       a character
 +      $             to the end of the line
 +      ^             to the beginning of the line
 +      / .. /        up to, but not including, the string
 +      ? .. ?        back to and including the string
 +      fc            up to and including the occurrence of c 
 +      Fc            back to and including the occurrence of c
 +      tc            up to but not including the occurrence of c
 +      Tc            back to but not including the occurrence of c
 +      ^M            TWO lines (that's right: two)
 +      (number)^M    that many lines plus one
 +      (number)G     up to and including line (number)
 +      (             the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
 +                    the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where 
 +                    you are if you are not at the beginning of the current 
 +                    sentence.  Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
 +                    notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
 +                    or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
 +      )             the rest of the current sentence
 +      {             analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
 +                    sections of text surrounded by blank lines
 +      }             analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
 +      [[            analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
 +      ]]            analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
 +      H             the first line on the screen
 +      M             the middle line on the screen
 +      L             the last line on the screen
 +      3L            through the third line from the bottom of the screen
 +      ^F            forward a screenful
 +      ^B            backward a screenful
 +      :
 +      :  etc. etc. etc.
 +
 +This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
 +across: after the {c} or {d} operator, you can specify a range with another
 +move-the-cursor command, and that is the region of text over which the command
 +will be effective.
 +
 +Section 30: updating the screen {^R}
 +
 +Vi tries to be very intelligent about the type of terminal you are working on
 +and tries to use the in-terminal computing power (if any) of your terminal.
 +Also if the terminal is running at a low baud rate (say 1200 or below), vi sets
 +various parameters to make things easier for you.  For example, if you were
 +running on a 300 baud terminal (that's 30 characters per second transmission
 +rate) not all 24 lines of the screen would be used by vi.  In addition, there
 +is a large portion of the editor keeping track of what your screen currently
 +looks like, and what it would look like after a command has been executed.  Vi
 +then compares the two, and updates only those portions of the screen that have
 +changed.
 +
 +Furthermore, some of you may have noticed (it depends on your terminal) that 
 +deleting lines or changing large portions of text may leave some lines on the 
 +screen looking like: 
 +@ 
 +meaning that this line of the screen does not correspond to any line in your
 +file. It would cost more to update the line than to leave it blank for the
 +moment.  If you would like to see your screen fully up-to-date with the
 +contents of your file, type {^R}.
 +
 +To see it in action, delete several lines with {5dd}, type {^R}, and then type
 +{u} to get the lines back.
 +
 +Here is as good a place as any to mention that if the editor is displaying the
 +end of your file, there may be lines on the screen that look like: 
 +~ 
 +indicating that that screen line would not be affected by {^R}.  These lines
 +simply indicate the end of the file.
 +
 +Section 31: text buffers {"}
 +
 +Vi gives you the ability to store text away in "buffers".  This feature is very
 +convenient for moving text around in your file.  There are a total of thirty-
 +five buffers available in vi.  There is the "unnamed" buffer that is used by all
 +commands that delete text, including the change operator {c}, the substitute
 +and replace commands {s} and {r}, as well as the delete operator {d} and delete
 +commands {x} and {X}.  This buffer is filled each time any of these commands
 +are used. However, the undo command {u} has no effect on the unnamed buffer.
 +
 +There are twenty-six buffers named 'a' through 'z' which are available for the
 +user.  If the name of the buffer is capitalized, then the buffer is not
 +overwritten but appended to.  For example, the command {"qdd} will delete one
 +line and store that line in the 'q' buffer, destroying the previous contents of
 +the buffer.  However, {"Qdd} will delete one line of text and append that line
 +to the current contents of the 'q' buffer.
 +
 +Finally, there are nine buffers named '1' through '9' in which the last nine
 +deletes are stored.  Buffer 1 is the default buffer for the modify commands and
 +is sometimes called the unnamed buffer.
 +
 +To reference a specific buffer, use the double-quote command {"} followed by
 +the name of the buffer.  The next two sections show how buffers can be used to
 +advantage.
 +
 +Section 32: rearranging and duplicating text: {y} {Y} {p} {P}
 +
 +Position yourself on line 15 below and {z^M}:
 +
 +Line 15: A tree as lovely as a poem ...
 +Line 16: I think that I shall never see
 +
 +Type {dd}.  Line 15 has disappeared and been replaced with the empty line (one
 +with the single character @ on it) or (again depending on your terminal) Line
 +16 has moved up and taken its place.  We could recover Line 15 with an undo
 +{u} but that would simply return it to its original location.  Obviously, the
 +two lines are reversed, so we want to put line 15 AFTER line 16.  This is
 +simply done with the put command {p}, which you should type now.  What has
 +happened is that {dd} put Line 15 into the unnamed buffer, and the {p} command
 +retrieved the line from the unnamed buffer.
 +
 +Now type {u} and observe that Line 15 disappears again (the put was undone
 +without affecting the unnamed buffer).  Type {P} and see that the capital {P}
 +puts the line BEFORE the cursor.
 +
 +To get Line 15 where it belongs again type {dd}{p}.
 +
 +Also in Line 15 note that the words 'tree' and 'poem' are reversed.  Using the
 +unnamed buffer again: {ft}{dw}{ma}{fp}{P}{w}{dw}{`aP} will set things aright 
 +(note the use of the reverse quote).
 +
 +The put commands {p} and {P} do not affect the contents of the buffer.
 +Therefore, multiple {p} or {P} will put multiple copies of the unnamed buffer
 +into your file.
 +
 +Experiment with {d} and {p} on words, paragraphs, etc.  Whatever {d}
 +deletes, {p} can put.
 +
 +Position the cursor on Line 17 and {z^M}:
 +
 +Line 17: interest apple cat elephant boy dog girl hay farmer
 +
 +Our task is to alphabetize the words on line 17.  With the named buffers (and a
 +contrived example) it is quite easy:
 +
 +{"idw}{"adw}{"cdw}{"edw}{"bdw}{"ddw}{"gdw}{"hdw}{"fdw}
 +
 +stores each of the words in the named buffer corresponding to the first letter
 +of each of the words ('interest' goes in buffer "i, 'apple' goes in buffer "a,
 +etc.).  Now to put the words in order type:
 +
 +{"ap$}{"bp$}{"cp$}{"dp$}{"ep$}{"fp$}{"gp$}{"hp$}{"ip$}
 +
 +Notice that, because 'farmer' was at the end of the line, {dw} did not include
 +a space after it, and that, therefore, there is no space between 'farmer' and
 +'girl'.  This is corrected with {Fg}{i ^[}.
 +
 +This example could have been done just as easily with lines as with
 +words.
 +
 +You do not have to delete the text in order to put it into a buffer.  If all
 +you wish to do is to copy the text somewhere else, don't use {d}, rather use
 +the yank commands {y} or {Y}.  {y} is like {d} and {c} - an operator rather
 +than a command.  It, too, takes a buffer specification and a range
 +specification.  Therefore, instead of {dw}{P} to load the unnamed buffer with a
 +word without deleting the word, use {yw} (yank a word).
 +
 +{Y} is designed yank lines, and not arbitrary ranges.  That is, {Y} is
 +equivalent to {yy} (remember that operators doubled means the current line),
 +and {3Y} is equivalent to {3yy}.
 +
 +If the text you yank or modify forms a part of a line, or is an object such as
 +a sentence which partially spans more than one line, then when you put the text
 +back, it will be placed after the cursor (or before if you use {P}).  If the
 +yanked text forms whole lines, they will be put back as whole lines, without
 +changing the current line.  In this case, the put acts much like the {o} or {O}
 +command.
 +
 +The named buffers "a through "z are not affected by changing edit files.
 +However, the unnamed buffer is lost when you change files, so to move text from
 +one file to another you should use a named buffer.
 +
 +Section 33: recovering lost lines
 +
 +Vi also keeps track of the last nine deletes, whether you ask for it or not.
 +This is very convenient if you would like to recover some text that was
 +accidentally deleted or modified.  Position the cursor on line 18 following,
 +and {z^M}.
 +
 +
 +Line 18: line 1
 +Line 19: line 2
 +Line 20: line 3
 +Line 21: line 4
 +Line 22: line 5
 +Line 23: line 6
 +Line 24: line 7
 +Line 25: line 8
 +Line 26: line 9
 +Type {dd} nine times: now don't cheat with {9dd}!  That is totally different.
 +
 +The command {"1p} will retrieve the last delete.  Furthermore, when the
 +numbered buffers are used, the repeat-command command {.} will increment the
 +buffer numbers before executing, so that subsequent {.} will recover all nine
 +of the deleted lines, albeit in reverse order.  If you would like to review the
 +last nine deletes without affecting the buffers or your file, do an undo {u}
 +after each put {p} and {.}:
 +
 +{"1p}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}
 +
 +will show you all the buffers and leave them and your file intact.
 +
 +If you had cheated above and deleted the nine lines with {9dd}, all nine lines
 +would have been stored in both the unnamed buffer and in buffer number 1. 
 +(Obviously, buffer number 1 IS the unnamed buffer and is just the default
 +buffer for the modify commands.)
 +
 +Section 34: advanced file manipulation: {:r} {:e} {:n} {:w} {!} {:!}
 +
 +We've already looked at writing out the file you are editing with the
 +{:w} command.  Now let's look at some other vi commands to make editing
 +more efficient.
 +
 +Section 34.1: more than one file at a time {:n} {:args}
 +
 +Many times you will want to edit more than one file in an editing session.
 +Instead of entering vi and editing the first file, exiting, entering vi and
 +editing the second, etc., vi will allow you to specify ALL files that you wish
 +to edit on the invocation line.  Therefore, if you wanted to edit file1 and
 +file2:
 +
 +% vi file1 file2
 +
 +will set up file1 for editing.  When you are done editing file one, write it
 +out {:w^M} and then type {:n^M} to get the next file on the list.  On large
 +programming projects with many source files, it is often convenient just to
 +specify all source files with, say:
 +
 +% vi *.c
 +
 +If {:n^M} brings in a file that does not need any editing, another {:n^M}
 +will bring in the next file.
 +
 +If you have made changes to the first file, but decide to discard these changes
 +and proceed to the next file, {:n!^M} forces the editor to discard the current
 +contents of the editor.
 +
 +You can specify a new list of files after {:n}; e.g., {:n f1 f2 f3^M}.  This
 +will replace the current list of files (if any).
 +
 +You can see the current list of files being edited with {:args^M}.
 +
 +Section 34.2: reading files and command output: {:r}
 +
 +Typing {:r fname^M} will read the contents of file fname into the editor and
 +put the contents AFTER the cursor line.
 +
 +Typing {:r !cmd^M} will read the output of the command cmd and place that
 +output after the cursor line.
 +
 +Section 34.3: invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
 +
 +To edit another file not mentioned on the invocation line, type {:e filename^M}
 +or {:vi filename^M}.  If you wish to discard the changes to the current file,
 +use the exclamation point after the command, e.g. {:e! filename^M}.
 +
 +Section 34.4: escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!} {^Z}
 +
 +Occasionally, it is useful to interrupt the current editing session to perform
 +a UNIX task.  However, there is no need to write the current file out, exit
 +the editor, perform the task, and then reinvoke the editor on the same file.
 +One thing to do is to spin off another process.  If there are several UNIX
 +commands you will need to execute, simply create another shell with {:sh^M}.
 +At this point, the editor is put to sleep and will be reawakened when you log
 +out of the shell.
 +
 +If it is a single command that you want to execute, type {:!cmd^M}, where cmd
 +is the command that you wish to run.  The output of the command will come to
 +the terminal as normal, and will not be made part of your file.  The message
 +"[Hit return to continue]" will be displayed by vi after the command is
 +finished.  Hitting return will then repaint the screen.  Typing another
 +{:!cmd^M} at this point is also acceptable.
 +
 +However, there is a quicker, easier way: type {^Z}.  Now this is a little
 +tricky, but hang in there.  When you logged into UNIX, the first program you
 +began communicating with was a program that is called a "shell" (i.e. it 'lays
 +over' the operating system protecting you from it, sort of like a considerate
 +porcupine).  When you got your first prompt on the terminal (probably a '%'
 +character) this was the shell telling you to type your first command.  When
 +you typed {vi filename} for some file, the shell did not go away, it just went
 +to sleep.  The shell is now the parent of vi.  When you type {^Z} the editor
 +goes to sleep, the shell wakes up and says "you rang?" in the form of another
 +prompt (probably '%').  At this point you are talking to the shell again and
 +you can do anything that you could before including edit another file!  (The
 +only thing you can't do is log out: you will get the message "There are
 +stopped jobs.")
 +
 +When your business with the shell is done, type {fg} for 'foreground' and the
 +last process which you ^Z'd out of will be reawakened and the shell will go
 +back to sleep.  I will refer you to the documentation for the Berkeley shell
 +'csh' for more information on this useful capability.
 +
 +Section 34.5: writing parts of a file: {:w}
 +
 +The {:w} command will accept a range specifier that will then write only a
 +selected range of lines to a file.  To write this section to a file, position
 +the cursor on the section line (e.g. {/^Section 34.5:/^M}) and {z^M}.  Now type
 +{^G} to find out the line number (it will be something like "line 513").  Now
 +{/^Section 34.6:/-1^M} to find the last line of this section, and {^G} to find
 +its line number (it will be something like 542).  To write out this section of
 +text by itself to a separate file which we will call "sepfile", type
 +{:510,542w sepfile^M}.  If sepfile already exists, you will have to use the
 +exclamation point: {:1147,1168w! sepfile^M} or write to a different, non-
 +existent file.
 +
 +{:!cat sepfile^M} will display the file just written, and it should be the
 +contents of this section.
 +
 +There is an alternate method of determining the line numbers for the write.
 +{:set number^M} will repaint the screen with each line numbered.  When the file
 +is written and the numbers no longer needed, {:set nonumber^M} will remove the
 +numbers, and {^R} will adjust the screen.
 +
 +Or, if you remember your earlier lessons about marking lines of text,
 +mark the beginning and ending lines.  Suppose we had used {ma} to mark the
 +first line of the section and {mb} to mark the last.  Then the command
 +{:'a,'bw sepfile^M} will write the section into "sepfile".  In general,
 +you can replace a line number with the 'name' of a marked line (a single-quote
 +followed by the letter used to mark the line)
 +
 +
 +Section 34.6: filtering portions of text: {!}
 +
 +{!} is an operator like {c} and {d}.  That is, it consists of a repetition
 +count, {!}, and a range specifier.  Once the {!} operator is entered in its
 +entirety, a prompt will be given at the bottom of the screen for a UNIX
 +command.  The text specified by the {!} operator is then deleted and
 +passed/filtered/piped to the UNIX command you type.  The output of the UNIX
 +command is then placed in your file.  For example, place the cursor at the
 +beginning of the following line and {z^M}:
 +
 +ls -l vi.tutorial
 +********* marks the bottom of the output from the ls command **********
 +
 +Now type {!!csh^M}.  The line will be replaced with the output from the ls
 +command.  The {u} command works on {!}, also.
 +
 +Here is an extended exercise to display some of these capabilities.  When this
 +tutorial was prepared, certain auxiliary programs were created to aid in its
 +development.  Of major concern was the formatting of sections of the tutorial
 +to fit on a single screen, particularly the first few sections.  What was
 +needed was a vi command that would 'format' a paragraph; that is, fill out
 +lines with as many words as would fit in eighty columns.  There is no such vi
 +command.  Therefore, another method had to be found.
 +
 +Of course, nroff was designed to do text formatting.  However, it produces a
 +'page'; meaning that there may be many blank lines at the end of a formatted
 +paragraph from nroff.  The awk program was used to strip these blank lines from
 +the output from nroff.  Below are the two files used for this purpose: I refer
 +you to documentation on nroff and awk for a full explanation of their function.
 +Position the cursor on the next line and {z^M}.
 +
 +******** contents of file f **********
 +#
 +nroff -i form.mac | awk "length != 0 { print }"
 +***** contents of file form.mac ******
 +.na
 +.nh
 +.ll 79
 +.ec 
 +.c2 
 +.cc 
 +**************************************
 +
 +Determine the line numbers of the two lines of file f.  They should be
 +something like 574 and 575, although you better double check: this file is
 +under constant revision and the line numbers may change inadvertently.  Then
 +{:574,575w f^M}.  Do the same for the lines of file form.mac.  They will be
 +approximately 577 and 582.  Then {:577,582w form.mac^M}.  File f must have
 +execute privileges as a shell file: {:!chmod 744 f^M}.
 +
 +Observe that this paragraph is
 +rather ratty in appearance.  With our newly created files we can
 +clean it up dramatically.  Position the cursor at the beginning
 +of this paragraph and type the following sequence of
 +characters 
 +(note that we must abandon temporarily our convention
 +of curly braces since the command itself contains a curly brace - we 
 +will use square brackets for the nonce): [!}f^M].
 +
 +Here is a brief explanation of what has happened.  By typing [!}f^M] we
 +specified that the paragraph (all text between the cursor and the first blank
 +line) will be removed from the edit file and piped to a UNIX program called
 +"f".  This is a shell command file that we have created.  This shell file runs
 +nroff, pipes its output to awk to remove blank lines, and the output from awk
 +is then read back into our file in the place of the old, ratty paragraph.  The
 +file form.mac is a list of commands to nroff to get it to produce paragraphs
 +to our taste (the right margin is not justified, the line is 79 characters
 +long, words are not hyphenated, and three nroff characters are renamed to
 +avoid conflict: note that in this file, the {^G} you see there is vi's display
 +of the control-G character, and not the two separate characters ^ up-arrow and
 +G upper-case g).
 +
 +This example was created before the existence of the fmt program.  I now type
 +[!}fmt^M] to get the same effect much faster.  Actually, I don't type those
 +six keys each time: I have an abbreviation (which see).
 +
 +Section 35: searching with magic patterns
 +
 +The documentation available for "magic patterns" (i.e. regular expressions) is
 +very scanty.  The following should explain this possibly very confusing feature
 +of the editor.  This section assumes that the magic option is on.  To make
 +sure, you might want to type {:set magic^M}.
 +
 +By "magic pattern" we mean a general description of a piece of text that the
 +editor attempts to find during a search.  Most search patterns consist of
 +strings of characters that must be matched exactly, e.g.  {/card/^M} searches
 +for a specific string of four characters.  Let us suppose that you have
 +discovered that you consistently have mistyped this simple word as either ccrd
 +or czrd (this is not so far-fetched for touch typists).  You could {/ccrd/^M}
 +and {n} until there are no more of this spelling, followed by {/czrd/^M} and
 +{n} until there are no more of these.  Or you could {/c.rd/^M} and catch all of
 +them on the first pass.  Try typing {/c.rd/^M} followed by several {n} and
 +observe the effect.
 +
 +Line 27: card cord curd ceard
 +
 +When '.' is used in a search string, it has the effect of matching any single
 +character.
 +
 +The character '^' (up-arrow) used at the beginning of a search string means
 +the beginning of the line.  {/^Line 27/^M} will find the example line above,
 +while {/Line 27/^M} will find an occurrence of this string anywhere in the
 +line.
 +
 +Similarly, {/ the$/^M} will find all occurrences of the word 'the' occurring
 +at the end of a line.  There are several of them in this file.
 +
 +Note that {:set nomagic^M} will turn off the special meaning of these magic
 +characters EXCEPT for '^' and '$' which retain their special meanings at the
 +beginning and end of a search string.  Within the search string they hold no
 +special meaning.  Try {/\/ the$\//^M} and note that the dollar-sign is not the
 +last character in the search string.  Let the dollar-sign be the last
 +character in the search string, as in {/\/ the$/^M} and observe the result.
 +
 +Observe the result of {/back.*file/^M}.  This command, followed by sufficient
 +{n}, will show you all lines in the file that contain both the words 'back'
 +and 'file' on the same line.  The '*' magic character specifies that the
 +previous regular expression (the '.' in our example) is to be repeatedly
 +matched zero or more times.  In our example we specified that the words 'back'
 +and 'file' must appear on the same line (they may be parts of words such as
 +'backwards' or 'workfile') separated by any number (including zero) of
 +characters.
 +
 +We could have specified that 'back' and 'file' are to be words by themselves by
 +using the magic sequences '\<' or '\>'.  E.g.  {/\<back\>.*\<file\>/^M}.  The
 +sequence '\<' specifies that this point of the search string must match the
 +beginning of a word, while '\>' specifies a match at the end of a word.  By
 +surrounding a string with these characters we have specified that they must be
 +words.
 +
 +To find all words that begin with an 'l' or a 'w', followed by an 'a' or an
 +'e', and ending in 'ing', try {/\<[lw][ea][a-z]*ing\>/^M}.  This will match
 +words like 'learning', 'warning', and 'leading'.  The '[..]' notation matches
 +exactly ONE character.  The character matched will be one of the characters
 +enclosed in the square brackets.  The characters may be specified individually
 +as in [abcd] or a '-' may be used to specify a range of characters as in [a-d].
 +That is, [az] will match the letter 'a' OR the letter 'z', while [a-z] will
 +match any of the lower case letters from 'a' through 'z'.  If you would like to
 +match either an 'a', a '-', or a 'z', then the '-' must be escaped: [a\-z] will
 +match ONE of the three characters 'a', '-', or 'z'.
 +
 +If you wish to find all Capitalized words, try {/\<[A-Z][a-z]*\>/^M}.  The
 +following will find all character sequences that do NOT begin with an
 +uncapitalized letter by applying a special meaning to the '^' character in
 +square brackets: {/\<[^a-z][a-z]*\>/^M}.  When '^' is the first character of a
 +square-bracket expression, it specifies "all but these characters".  (No
 +one claimed vi was consistent.)
 +
 +To find all variable names (the first character is alphabetic, the remaining
 +characters are alphanumeric):  try {/\<[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*\>/^M}.
 +
 +In summary, here are the primitives for building regular expressions:
 +
 +     ^      at beginning of pattern, matches beginning of line
 +     $      at end of pattern, matches end of line
 +     .      matches any single character
 +     \<     matches the beginning of a word
 +     \>     matches the end of a word
 +     [str]  matches any single character in str
 +     [^str] matches any single character NOT in str
 +     [x-y]  matches any character in the ASCII range between x and y
 +     *      matches any number (including zero) of the preceding pattern
 +
 +Section 36: advanced substitution: {:s} 
 +
 +The straightforward colon-substitute command looks like the substitute
 +command of most line-oriented editors.  Indeed, vi is nothing more than a
 +superstructure on the line-oriented editor ex and the colon commands are
 +simply a way of accessing commands within ex (see section #EX).  This gives us
 +a lot of global file processing not usually found in visual oriented editors.
 +
 +The colon-substitute command looks like: {:s/ .. / .. /^M} and will find the
 +pattern specified after the first slash (this is called the search pattern),
 +and replace it with the pattern specified after the second slash (called,
 +obviously enough, the replacement pattern).  E.g. position the cursor on line
 +28 below and {:s/esample/example/^M}:
 +
 +Line 28: This is an esample.
 +
 +The {u} and {U} commands work for {:s}.  The first pattern (the search pattern)
 +may be a regular expression just as for the search command (after all, it IS a
 +search, albeit limited to the current line).  Do an {u} on the above line, and
 +try the following substitute, which will do almost the same thing: 
 +{:s/s[^ ]/x/^M}.  
 +Better undo it with {u}.  The first pattern {s[^ ]} matches an 's'
 +NOT followed by a blank: the search therefore ignores the 's'es in 'This' and
 +'is'.  However, the character matched by {[^ ]} must appear in the replacement
 +pattern.  But, in general, we do not know what that character is!  (In this
 +particular example we obviously do, but more complicated examples will follow.)
 +Therefore, vi (really ex) has a duplication mechanism to copy patterns matched
 +in the search string into the replacement string.  Line 29 below is a copy of
 +line 28 above so you can adjust your screen.
 +
 +Line 29: This is an esample.
 +
 +In general, you can nest parts of the search pattern in \( .. \) and refer to
 +it in the replacement pattern as \n, where n is a digit.  The problem outlined
 +in the previous paragraph is solved with {:s/s\([^ ]\)/x\1/^M}: try it.  Here
 +\1 refers to the first pattern grouping \( .. \) in the search string.
 +
 +Obviously, for a single line, this is rather tedious.  Where it becomes
 +powerful, if not necessary, is in colon-substitutes that cover a range of
 +lines.  (See the next section for a particularly comprehensive example.)
 +
 +If the entire character sequence matched by the search pattern is needed in
 +the replacement pattern, then the unescaped character '&' can be used.  On
 +Line 29 above, try {:s/an e.ample/not &/^M}.  If another line is to have the
 +word 'not' prepended to a pattern, then '~' can save you from re-typing the
 +replacement pattern.  E.g. {:s/some pattern/~/^M} after the previous example
 +would be equivalent to {:s/some pattern/not &/^M}.
 +
 +One other useful replacement pattern allows you to change the case of
 +individual letters.  The sequences {\u} and {\l} cause the immediately
 +following character in the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case,
 +respectively, if this character is a letter.  The sequences {\U} and {\L} turn
 +such conversion on, either until {\E} or {\e} is encountered, or until the end
 +of the replacement pattern.
 +
 +For example, position the cursor on a line: pick a line, any line.  Type
 +{:s/.*/\U&/^M} and observe the result.  You can undo it with {u}.
 +
 +The search pattern may actually match more than once on a single line.
 +However, only the first pattern is substituted.  If you would like ALL
 +patterns matched on the line to be substituted, append a 'g' after the
 +replacement pattern: {:s/123/456/g^M} will substitute EVERY occurrence
 +on the line of 123 with 456.
 +
 +Section 37: advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
 +
 +Ex (available through the colon command in vi) offers several methods for
 +specifying the lines on which a set of commands will act.  For example, if you
 +would like to see lines 50 through 100 of your file: {:50,100p^M} will display
 +them, wait for you to [Hit return to continue], and leave you on line 100.
 +Obviously, it would be easier just to do {100G} from within vi.  But
 +what if you would like to make changes to just those lines?  Then the
 +addressing is important and powerful.
 +
 +Line 30: This is a text.
 +Line 31: Here is another text.
 +Line 32: One more text line.
 +
 +The lines above contain a typing error that the author of this tutorial tends
 +to make every time he attempts to type the word 'test'.  To change all of these
 +'text's into 'test's, try the following:
 +{:/^Line 30/,/^Line 32/s/text/test/^M}.  This finds the beginning and end of
 +the portion of text to be changed, and limits the substitution to each of the
 +lines in that range.  The {u} command applies to ALL of the substitutions as 
 +a group.
 +
 +This provides a mechanism for powerful text manipulations.
 +And very complicated examples.
 +
 +Line 33: This test is a.
 +Line 34: Here test is another.
 +Line 35: One line more test.
 +
 +The above three lines have the second word out of order.  The following command
 +string will put things right.  Be very careful when typing this: it is very
 +long, full of special characters, and easy to mess up.  You may want to
 +consider reading the following section to understand it before trying the
 +experiment.  Don't worry about messing up the rest of the file, though: the
 +address range is specified.
 +
 +{:/^Line 33/,/^Line 35/s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/^M}
 +
 +There are several things to note about this command string.  First of all, the
 +range of the substitute was limited by the address specification {/^Line
 +33/,/^Line 35/^M}.  It might have been simpler to do {:set number^M} to see the
 +line numbers directly, and then, in place of the two searches, typed
 +the line numbers, e.g. {1396,1398}.  Or to mark the lines with {ma} and {mb}
 +and use {'a,'b}.
 +
 +Then follows the substitute pattern itself.  To make it easier to understand
 +what the substitute is doing, the command is duplicated below with the various
 +patterns named for easier reference:
 +
 +     s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/
 +       |--\1---|  |--\2---| |--\3---| |--\4---|
 +      |--------search pattern------------------|-replacement|
 +                                               |--pattern---|
 +
 +In overview, the substitute looks for a particular pattern made up of 
 +sub-patterns, which are named \1, \2, \3, and \4.  These patterns are specified
 +by stating what they are NOT.  Pattern \1 is the sequence of characters that
 +are NOT colons: in the search string, {[^:]} will match exactly one character
 +that is not a colon, while appending the asterisk {[^:]*} specifies that the
 +'not a colon' pattern is to be repeated until no longer satisfied, and
 +{\([^:]*\)} then gives the pattern its name, in this case \1.  Outside of the
 +specification of \1 comes {: }, specifying that the next two characters must be
 +a colon followed by a blank.
 +
 +Patterns \2 and \3 are similar, specifying character sequences that are
 +not blanks.  Pattern \4 matches up to the period at the end of the line.
 +
 +The replacement pattern then consists of specifying the new order of the
 +patterns.
 +
 +This is a particularly complicated example, perhaps the most complicated
 +in this tutorial/reference.  For our small examples, it is obviously
 +tedious and error prone.  For large files, however, it may be the most
 +efficient way to make the desired modifications.
 +
 +(The reader is advised to look at the documentation for awk.  This tool is very
 +powerful and slightly simpler to use than vi for this kind of file
 +manipulation.  But, it is another command language to learn.)
 +
 +Many times, you will not want to operate on every line in a certain
 +range.  Rather you will want to make changes on lines that satisfy
 +certain patterns; e.g. for every line that has the string 'NPS' on it,
 +change 'NPS' to 'Naval Postgraduate School'.  The {:g} addressing
 +command was designed for this purpose.  The example of this paragraph
 +could be typed as {:g/NPS/s//Naval Postgraduate School/^M}.
 +
 +The general format of the command is {:g/(pattern)/cmds^M} and it
 +works in the following way: all lines that match the pattern
 +following the {:g} are 'tagged' in a special way.  Then each of these
 +lines have the commands following the pattern executed over them.
 +
 +Line 36: ABC rhino george farmer Dick jester lest
 +Line 37: george farmer rhino lest jester ABC
 +Line 38: rhino lest george Dick farmer ABC jester 
 +
 +Type:
 +
 +{:g/^Line.*ABC/s/Dick/Harry Binswanger/|s/george farmer/gentleman george/p^M}
 +
 +There are several things of note here.  First, lines 36, 37, and 38 above are
 +tagged by the {:g}.  Type {:g/^Line.*ABC/p^M} to verify this.  Second, there
 +are two substitutes on the same line separated by '|'.  In general, any colon
 +commands can be strung together with '|'.  Third, both substitutes operate on
 +all three lines, even though the first stubstitute works on only two of the
 +lines (36 and 38).  Fourth, the second substitute works on only two lines (36
 +and 37) and those are the two lines printed by the trailing 'p'.
 +
 +The {:v} command works similarly to the {:g} command, except that the sense of
 +the test for 'tagging' the lines is reversed: all lines NOT matching the search
 +pattern are tagged and operated on by the commands.
 +
 +Using {^V} to quote carriage return (see section 39) can be used in global
 +substitutions to split two lines.  For example, the command 
 +{:g/\.  /s//.^V^M/g^M} will change your file so that each sentence is on a 
 +separate line.  (Note that we have to 'escape' the '.', because '.' by itself
 +matches any character.  Our command says to find any line which contains a 
 +period followed by 2 spaces, and inserts a carriage return after the period.)
 +
 +Caveat:  In some of the documentation for ex and vi you may find the
 +comment to the effect that {\^M} can be used between commands following
 +{:g}.  The author of this tutorial has never gotten this to work and has
 +crashed the editor trying.
 +
 +Section 38: higher level text objects and nroff: {(} {)} [{] [}] {[[} {]]}
 +
 +(Note: this section may be a little confusing because of our command
 +notation.  Using curly braces to surround command strings works fine as
 +long as the command string does not contain any curly braces itself.
 +However, the curly braces are legitimate commands in vi.  Therefore, for
 +any command sequence that contains curly braces, we will surround that
 +sequence with SQUARE braces, as on the previous Section line.)
 +
 +In working with a document, particularly if using the text formatting
 +programs nroff or troff, it is often advantageous to work in terms of
 +sentences, paragraphs, and sections.  The operations {(} and {)} move to
 +the beginning of the previous and next sentences, respectively.  Thus
 +the command {d)} will delete the rest of the current sentence; likewise
 +{d(} will delete the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
 +the current sentence, or, if you are not at the beginning of a sentence,
 +it will delete the current sentence from the beginning 
 +up to where you are.
 +
 +A sentence is defined to end at a '.', '!', or '?' which is followed
 +by either the end of a line, or by two spaces.  Any number of closing
 +')', ']', '"', and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!', or '?'
 +before the spaces or end of line.  Therefore, the {(} and {)} commands
 +would recognize only one sentence in the following line, but two
 +sentences on the second following line.
 +
 +Line 39: This is one sentence. Even though it looks like two.
 +Line 40: This is two sentences.  Because it has two spaces after the '.'.
 +
 +The operations [{] and [}] move over paragraphs and the operations {[[}
 +and {]]} move over sections.
 +
 +A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of nroff
 +paragraph macros.  A section begins after each line with a form-feed ^L in the
 +first column, and at each of a set of nroff section macros.  When preparing a
 +text file as input to nroff, you will probably be using a set of nroff macros
 +to make the formatting specifications easier, or more to your taste.  These
 +macros are invoked by beginning a line with a period followed by the one or two
 +letter macro name. Vi has been programmed to recognize these nroff macros, and
 +if it doesn't recognize your particular macro you can use the {:set paragraphs}
 +or {:set sections} commands so that it will.
 +
 +Section 39: more about inserting text
 +
 +There are a number of characters which you can use to make correnctions
 +during input mode.  These are summarized in the following table.
 +
 +    ^H      deletes the last input character
 +    ^W      deletes the last input word
 +    (erase) same as ^H; each terminal can define its own erase character; 
 +            for some it is ^H, for others it is the DELETE key, and for
 +            others it is '@'.
 +    (kill)  deletes the input on this line; each terminal can define its
 +            own line-kill character; for some it is ^U, for others it is
 +            '@'; you will need to experiment on your terminal to find
 +            out what your line-kill and erase characters are.
 +    \       escapes a following ^H, (kill), and (erase) characters: i.e.
 +            this is how to put these characters in your file.
 +    ^[      escape key; ends insertion mode
 +    ^?      the delete key; interrupts an insertion, terminating it
 +            abnormally.
 +    ^M      the return key; starts a new line.
 +    ^D      backtabs over the indentation set by the autoindent option
 +    0^D     backtabs over all indentation back to the beginning of the line
 +    ^^D     (up-arrow followed by control-d)same as 0^D, except the indentation 
 +	    will be restored at the beginning of the next line.
 +    ^V      quotes the next non-printing character into the file
 +
 +If you wish to type in your erase or kill character (say # or @ or ^U) then you
 +must precede it with a \, just as you would do at the normal system command
 +level.  A more general way of typing non-printing characters into the file is
 +to precede them with a ^V.  The ^V echoes as a ^ character on which the cursor
 +rests.  This indicates that the editor expects you to type a control character
 +and it will be inserted into the file at that point.  There are a few
 +exceptions to note.  The implementation of the editor does not allow the null
 +character ^@ to appear in files.  Also the linefeed character ^J is used by the
 +editor to separate lines in the file, so it cannot appear in the middle of a
 +line.  (Trying to insert a ^M into a file, or putting it in the replacement 
 +part of a substitution string will result in the matched line being split in 
 +two.  This, in effect, is how to split lines by using a substitution.)  You can 
 +insert any other character, however, if you wait for the editor to echo the ^ 
 +before you type the character.  In fact, the editor will treat a following 
 +letter as a request for the corresponding control character.  This is the only 
 +way to type ^S or ^Q, since the system normally uses them to suspend and resume 
 +output and never gives them to the editor to process.
 +
 +If you are using the autoindent option you can backtab over the indent which it
 +supplies by typing a ^D.  This backs up to the boundary specified by the
 +shiftwidth option.  This only works immediately after the supplied autoindent.
 +
 +When you are using the autoindent option you may wish to place a label at the
 +left margin of a line.  The way to do this easily is to type ^ (up-arrow) and
 +then ^D.  The editor will move the cursor to the left margin for one line, and
 +restore the previous indent on the next.  You can also type a 0 followed
 +immediately by a ^D if you wish to kill all indentation and not have it resume
 +on the next line.
 +
 +Section 40: more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
 +
 +Below is a non-exhaustive list of commands that can follow the operators
 +to affect the range over which the operators will work.  However, note
 +that the operators {<}, {>}, {!}, and {=} do not operate on any object
 +less than a line.  Try {!w} and you will get a beep.  To get the
 +operator to work on just the current line, double it.  E.g. {<<}.
 +
 +    suffix        will operate on
 +    ------        ------------------------
 +      ^[            cancels the command
 +      w             the word to the right of the cursor
 +      W             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
 +      b             the word to the left of the cursor
 +      B             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
 +      e             see below.
 +      E               ditto
 +      (space)       a character
 +      $             to the end of the line
 +      ^             to the beginning of the line
 +      / .. /        up to, but not including, the string
 +      ? .. ?        back to and including the string
 +      fc            up to and including the occurrence of c 
 +      Fc            back to and including the occurrence of c
 +      tc            up to but not including the occurrence of c
 +      Tc            back to but not including the occurrence of c
 +      ^M            TWO lines (that's right: two)
 +      (number)^M    that many lines plus one
 +      (number)G     up to and including line (number)
 +      (             the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
 +                    the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where 
 +                    you are if you are not at the beginning of the current 
 +                    sentence.  Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
 +                    notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
 +                    or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
 +      )             the rest of the current sentence
 +      {             analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
 +                    sections of text surrounded by blank lines
 +      }             analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
 +      [[            analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
 +      ]]            analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
 +      H             the first line on the screen
 +      M             the middle line on the screen
 +      L             the last line on the screen
 +      3L            through the third line from the bottom of the screen
 +      ^F            forward a screenful
 +      ^B            backward a screenful
 +      :
 +      :  etc. etc. etc.
 +
 +This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
 +across: after the operator, you can specify a range with a move-the-cursor
 +command, and that is the region of text over which the operator will be
 +effective.
 +
 +Section 41: abbreviations: {:ab}
 +
 +When typing large documents you may find yourself typing a large phrase
 +over and over.  Vi gives you the ability to specify an abbreviation for
 +a long string such that typing the abbreviation will automatically
 +expand into the longer phrase.
 +
 +Type {:ab nps Naval Postgraduate School^M}.  Now type:
 +
 +{iThis is to show off the nps's UNIX editor.^M^[}
 +
 +Section 42: vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
 +
 +Vi is actually one mode of editing within the editor ex.  When you are
 +running vi you can escape to the line oriented editor of ex by giving
 +the command {Q}.  All of the colon-commands which were introduced above
 +are available in ex.  Likewise, most ex commands can be invoked from vi
 +using {:}.   
 +
 +In rare instances, an internal error may occur in vi.  In this case you
 +will get a diagnostic and will be left in the command mode of ex.  You can
 +then save your work and quit if you wish by giving the command {x} after
 +the colon prompt of ex.  Or you can reenter vi (if you are brave) by
 +giving ex the command {vi}.
 +
 +Section 43: vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
 +
 +(The author has not checked the following documentation for accuracy.  It is
 +abstracted from the Introduction to Vi Editing document.)
 +
 +If you are on a hardcopy terminal or a terminal which does not have a cursor
 +which can move off the bottom line, you can still use the command set of vi,
 +but in a different mode.  When you give the vi command to UNIX, the editor will
 +tell you that it is using open mode.  This name comes from the open command in
 +ex, which is used to get into the same mode.
 +
 +The only difference between visual mode (normal vi) and open mode is the way in
 +which the text is displayed.
 +
 +In open mode the editor uses a single line window into the file, and moving
 +backward and forward in the file causes new lines to be displayed, always below
 +the current line.  Two commands of vi work differently in open: {z} and {^R}.
 +The {z} command does not take parameters, but rather draws a window of context
 +around the current line and then returns you to the current line.
 +
 +If you are on a hardcopy terminal, the {^R} command will retype the current
 +line.  On such terminals, the editor normally uses two lines to represent the
 +current line.  The first line is a copy of the line as you started to edit it,
 +and you work on the line below this line.  When you delete characters, the
 +editor types a number of \'s to show you the characters which are deleted.  The
 +editor also reprints the current line soon after such changes so that you can
 +see what the line looks like again.
 +
 +It is sometimes useful to use this mode on very slow terminals which can
 +support vi in the full screen mode.  You can do this by entering ex and using
 +an {open} command.
 +
 +*********************************************************************
 +Section 44: options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
 +
 +You will discover options as you need them.  Do not worry about them very much
 +on the first pass through this document.  My advice is to glance through them,
 +noting the ones that look interesting, ignoring the ones you don't understand,
 +and try re-scanning them in a couple of weeks.
 +
 +If you decide that you have a favorite set of options and would like to change
 +the default values for the editor, place a {setenv EXINIT} command in your
 +.login file.  When you are given an account under UNIX your directory has
 +placed in it a file that is executed each time you log in.  If one of the
 +commands in this file sets the environment variable EXINIT to a string of vi
 +commands, you can have many things done for you each time you invoke vi.  For
 +example, if you decide that you don't like tabstops placed every eight columns
 +but prefer every four columns, and that you wish the editor to insert linefeeds
 +for you when your typing gets you close to column 72, and you want
 +autoindentation, then include the following line in your .login file:
 +
 +setenv EXINIT='set tabstop=4 wrapmargin=8 autoindent'
 +
 +or equivalently
 +
 +setenv EXINIT='se ts=4 wm=8 ai'
 +
 +Each time you bring up vi, this command will be executed and the options set.
 +
 +There are forty options in the vi/ex editor that the user can set for his/her
 +own convenience.  They are described in more detail in individual sections
 +below.  The section line will show the full spelling of the option name, the
 +abbreviation, and the default value of the option.  The text itself
 +comes from the ex reference manual and is not the epitome of clarity.
 +
 +Section 44.1: {autoindent}, {ai} default: noai
 +
 +Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text.  At the
 +beginning of each append, change or insert command or when a new line is opened
 +or created by an append, change, insert, or substitute operation within open or
 +visual mode, ex looks at the line being appended after, the first line changed
 +or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space at the
 +start of the line.  It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so
 +determined.
 +
 +If the user then types lines of text in, they will continue to be justified at
 +the displayed indenting level.  If more white space is typed at the beginning
 +of a line, the following line will start aligned with the first non-white
 +character of the previous line.  To back the cursor up to the preceding tab
 +stop one can hit {^D}.  The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples
 +of the shiftwidth option.  You cannot backspace over the indent, except by
 +sending an end-of-file with a {^D}.  A line with no characters added to it
 +turns into a completely blank line (the white space provided for the autoindent
 +is discarded). Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with
 +an up-arrow `^' and immediately followed by a {^D}.  This causes the input to
 +be repositioned at the beginning of the line, but retaining the previous indent
 +for the next line.  Similarly, a `0' followed by a {^D} repositions at the
 +beginning but without retaining the previous indent.  Autoindent doesn't happen
 +in global commands or when the input is not a terminal.
 +
 +Section 44.2: {autoprint}, {ap} default: ap
 +
 +Causes the current line to be printed after each delete, copy, join, move,
 +substitute, t, undo or shift command.  This has the same effect as supplying a
 +trailing `p' to each such command.  Autoprint is suppressed in globals, and
 +only applies to the last of many commands on a line.
 +
 +Section 44.3: {autowrite}, {aw} default: noaw
 +
 +Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file if you have
 +modified it and give a next, rewind, stop, tag, or {!} command, or a control-
 +up-arrow {^^} (switch files) or {^]} (tag goto) command in visual.  Note, that
 +the edit and ex commands do not autowrite.  In each case, there is an
 +equivalent way of switching when autowrite is set to avoid the autowrite
 +({edit} for next, rewind!  for rewind, stop!  for stop, tag!  for tag, shell
 +for {!}, and {:e #} and a {:ta!} command from within visual).
 +
 +Section 44.4: {beautify}, {bf} default: nobeautify
 +
 +Causes all control characters except tab ^I, newline ^M and form-feed ^L to be
 +discarded from the input.  A complaint is registered the first time a backspace
 +character is discarded.  Beautify does not apply to command input.
 +
 +Section 44.5: {directory}, {dir} default: dir=/tmp 
 +
 +Specifies the directory in which ex places its buffer file.  If this directory
 +in not writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be able to
 +create its buffer there.
 +
 +Section 44.6: {edcompatible} default: noedcompatible
 +
 +Causes the presence or absence of g and c suffixes on substitute commands to be
 +remembered, and to be toggled by repeating the suffices.  The suffix r makes
 +the substitution be as in the {~} command, instead of like {&}.
 +
 +[Author's note: this should not concern users of vi.]
 +
 +Section 44.7: {errorbells}, {eb} default: noeb
 +
 +Error messages are preceded by a bell.  However, bell ringing in open and
 +visual modes on errors is not suppressed by setting noeb.  If possible the
 +editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the terminal (such
 +as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell.
 +
 +Section 44.8: {hardtabs}, {ht} default: ht=8
 +
 +Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or on which the
 +system expands tabs).
 +
 +Section 44.9: {ignorecase}, {ic} default: noic
 +
 +All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular
 +expression matching.  In addition, all upper case characters in regular
 +expressions are mapped to lower case except in character class specifications
 +(that is, character in square brackets).
 +
 +Section 44.10: {lisp} default: nolisp
 +
 +Autoindent indents appropriately for lisp code, and the {(}, {)}, [{], [}],
 +{[[}, and {]]} commands in open and visual modes are modified in a
 +striaghtforward, intuitive fashion to have meaning for lisp.
 +
 +[Author's note: but don't ask me to define them precisely.]
 +
 +Section 44.11: {list} default: nolist
 +
 +All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, showing tabs as ^I
 +and end-of-lines with `$'.  This is the same as in the ex command {list}.
 +
 +Section 44.12: {magic} default: magic for {ex} and {vi}, nomagic for edit.
 +
 +If nomagic is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly
 +reduced, with only up-arrow `^' and `$' having special effects.  In addition
 +the metacharacters `~' and `&' of the replacement pattern are treated as normal
 +characters.  All the normal metacharacters may be made magic when nomagic is
 +set by preceding them with a `\'.
 +
 +[Author's note: In other words, if magic is set a back-slant turns the magic
 +off for the following character, and if nomagic is set a back-slant turns the
 +magic ON for the following character.  And, no, we are not playing Dungeons and
 +Dragons, although I think the writers of these option notes must have played it
 +all the time.]
 +
 +Section 44.13: {mesg} default: mesg
 +
 +Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal while you are in
 +visual mode, if nomesg is set.
 +
 +[Author's note: I don't know if anyone could have made any one sentence
 +paragraph more confusing than this one.  What it says is: mesg allows people to
 +write to you even if you are in visual or open mode; nomesg locks your terminal
 +so they can't write to you and mess up your screen.]
 +
 +Section 44.14: {number, nu} default: nonumber
 +
 +Causes all output lines to be printed with their line numbers.  In addition
 +each input line will be prompted with its line number.
 +
 +Section 44.15: {open} default: open
 +
 +If {noopen}, the commands open and visual are not permitted.  This is set for
 +edit to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to open or visual
 +mode.
 +
 +[Author's note: As you may have guessed by now, there are actually three
 +editors available under Berkeley UNIX that are in reality the same
 +program, ex, with different options set: ex itself, vi, and edit.]
 +
 +Section 44.16: {optimize, opt} default: optimize
 +
 +Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal to not do automatic
 +carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly
 +speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading
 +white space is printed.
 +
 +[Author's note: I still don't know what this option does.]
 +
 +Section 44.17: {paragraphs, para} default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp
 +
 +Specifies the paragraphs for the [{] and [}] operations in open and visual.
 +The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names of the nroff macros
 +which start paragraphs.
 +
 +Section 44.18: {prompt} default: prompt
 +
 +Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'.
 +
 +[Author's note: Doesn't seem to have any effect on vi.]
 +
 +Section 44.19: {readonly}, {ro} default: noro, unless invoked with -R 
 +                                         or insufficient privileges on file
 +
 +This option allows you to guarantee that you won't clobber your file by
 +accident.  You can set the option and writes will fail unless you use an `!'
 +after the write.  Commands such as {x}, {ZZ}, the autowrite option, and in
 +general anything that writes is affected.  This option is turned on if you
 +invoke the editor with the -R flag.
 +
 +Section 44.20: {redraw} default: noredraw
 +
 +The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal
 +on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in visual the characters to the
 +right of the cursor position are refreshed as each input character is typed).
 +Useful only at very high baud rates, and should be used only if the system is
 +not heavily loaded: you will notice the performance degradation yourself.
 +
 +Section 44.21: {remap} default: remap
 +
 +If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged.  For example, if o
 +is mapped to O, and O is mapped to I, then if remap is set, o will map to I,
 +but if noremap is set, it will map to O .
 +
 +Section 44.22: {report} default: report=5 for ex and vi, 2 for edit
 +
 +Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands.  Any command which modifies
 +more than the specified number of lines will provide feedback as to the scope
 +of its changes.  For commands such as global, open, undo, and visual which have
 +potentially more far reaching scope, the net change in the number of lines in
 +the buffer is presented at the end of the command, subject to this same
 +threshold.  Thus notification is suppressed during a global command on the
 +individual commands performed.
 +
 +Section 44.23: {scroll} default: scroll=1/2 window
 +
 +Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when a {^D} is received from a
 +terminal in command mode, and determines the number of lines printed by a
 +command mode z command (double the value of scroll).
 +
 +[Author's note: Doesn't seem to affect {^D} and {z} in visual (vi) mode.]
 +
 +Section 44.24: sections {sections} default: sections=SHNHH HU 
 +
 +Specifies the section macros from nroff for the {[[} and {]]} operations in
 +open and visual.  The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names
 +of the macros which start paragraphs.
 +
 +Section 44.25: {shell}, {sh} default: sh=/bin/sh 
 +
 +Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape command `!', and
 +by the shell command.  The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if
 +present.
 +
 +[Editor's note: I would suggest that you place the following line in
 +your .login file:
 +setenv SHELL '/bin/csh'
 +]
 +
 +Section 44.26: {shiftwidth}, {sw} default: sw=8 
 +
 +Used in reverse tabbing with {^D} when using autoindent to append text, and
 +used by the shift commands.  Should probably be the same value as the tabstop
 +option.
 +
 +Section 44.27: {showmatch}, {sm} default: nosm 
 +
 +In open and visual mode, when a `)' or `}' is typed, if the matching `(' or `{'
 +is on the screen, move the cursor to it for one second.  Extremely useful with
 +complicated nested expressions, or with lisp.
 +
 +Section 44.28: {slowopen}, {slow} default: terminal dependent
 +
 +Affects the display algorithm used in visual mode, holding off display updating
 +during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is both
 +slow and unintelligent.  See "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" for
 +more details.
 +
 +Section 44.29: {tabstop}, {ts} default: ts=8
 +
 +The editor expands tabs ^I to tabstop boundaries in the display.
 +
 +Section 44.30: {taglength}, {tl} default: tl=0
 +
 +Tags are not significant beyond this many characters.
 +A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant.
 +
 +Section 44.31: {tags} default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags
 +
 +A path of files to be used as tag files for the tag command.  A requested tag
 +is searched for in the specified files, sequentially.  By default files called
 +tags are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file
 +for the entire system).
 +
 +[Author's note: The author of this tutorial has never used this option, nor
 +seen it used.  I'm not even sure I know what they are talking about.]
 +
 +Section 44.32: {term} default: from environment variable TERM
 +
 +The terminal type of the output device.
 +
 +Section 44.33: {terse} default: noterse
 +
 +Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user.
 +
 +Section 44.34: {timeout} default: timeout
 +
 +Causes macros to time out after one second.  Turn it off and they will
 +wait forever.  This is useful if you want multi-character macros, but if
 +your terminal sends escape sequences for arrow keys, it will be
 +necessary to hit escape twice to get a beep.
 +
 +[Editor's note: Another paragraph which requires a cryptographer.]
 +
 +Section 44.35: ttytype
 +
 +[Editor's note: I have found no documentation for this option at all.]
 +
 +Section 44.36: {warn} default: warn
 +
 +Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' command
 +escape.
 +
 +Section 44.37: {window} default: window=speed dependent
 +
 +The number of lines in a text window in the visual command.  The default is 8
 +at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at medium speed (1200 baud), and the full
 +screen (minus one line) at higher speeds.
 +
 +Section 44.38: {wrapscan}, {ws} default: ws
 +
 +Searches using the regular expressions in addressing will wrap around past the
 +end of the file.
 +
 +Section 44.39: {wrapmargin}, {wm} default: wm=0
 +
 +Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in open and visual
 +modes.  The numeric value is the number of columns from the right edge of the
 +screen around which vi looks for a convenient place to insert a new-line
 +character (wm=0 is OFF).  This is very convenient for touch typists.
 +Wrapmargin behaves much like fill/nojustify mode does in nroff.
 +
 +Section 44.40: {writeany}, {wa} default: nowa
 +
 +Inhibit the checks normally made before write commands, allowing a write to any
 +file which the system protection mechanism will allow.
 +
 +Section 44.41: {w300}, {w1200}, {w9600} defaults: w300=8
 +                                                 w1200=16
 +                                                 w9600=full screen minus one
 +
 +These are not true options but set the default size of the window for when the
 +speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), respectively.  They are
 +suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule.
 +
 +Section 45: Limitations
 +
 +Here are some editor limits that the user is likely to encounter:
 +       1024   characters per line
 +       256    characters per global command list
 +       128    characters per file name
 +       128    characters in the previous inserted and deleted text in open or 
 +              visual
 +       100    characters in a shell escape command
 +       63     characters in a string valued option
 +       30     characters in a tag name
 +       250000 lines in the file (this is silently enforced).
 +
 +The visual implementation limits the number of macros defined with map to 32,
 +and the total number of characters in macros to be less than 512.
 +
 +[Editor's note: these limits may not apply to versions after 4.1BSD.]
 diff -Naur nvi-1.81.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner
 --- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
 +++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner	2008-06-22 20:35:35.000000000 +0200
 @@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
 +Section 1: {^F} {ZZ}
 +
 +To get out of this tutorial, type: ZZ (two capital Z's).
 +
 +Learning a new computer system implies learning a new text editor.  These
 +tutorial lessons were created by Dain Samples to help you come to grips with
 +UC Berkeley's screen oriented editor called vi (for VIsual). This tutorial
 +uses the vi editor itself as the means of presentation. 
 +
 +For best use of this tutorial, read all of a screen before performing any of
 +the indicated actions.  This tutorial (or, at least, the first half of it) has
 +been designed to systematically present the vi commands IF THE INSTRUCTIONS
 +ARE FOLLOWED!  If you are too adventuresome, you may find yourself lost.  If
 +you ever find yourself stuck, remember the first line of this section.
 +
 +OK, now find the control key on your keyboard; it usually has CTL or CTRL
 +written on its upper surface.  Your first assignment is to hold the control
 +key down while you press the 'F' key on your keyboard.  Please do so now.
 +
 +
 +
 +Section 2: {^F} {^B}
 +Many of vi's commands use the control key and some other key in combination,
 +as with the control and the 'F' key above.  This is abbreviated CTL-F, or ^F.
 +
 +As you have probably guessed by now, ^F (CTL-F) moves you forward a fixed
 +number of lines in the file.  Throughout the remainder of the tutorial when
 +you are ready to advance to the next section of text, hit ^F.
 +
 +The opposite command is ^B.  Just for fun, you might want to try a ^B to see
 +the previous section again.  Be sure to do a ^F to return you here.
 +
 +Determine what the cursor looks like on your screen.  Whatever it is (a box,
 +an underscore, blinking, flashing, inverse, etc.) it should now be positioned
 +in the upper left-hand corner of your screen under or on the S of Section.
 +Become familiar with your cursor: to use vi correctly it is important to
 +always know where the cursor is.
 +
 +Did you notice that when you do a ^F the cursor is left at the top of the
 +screen, and a ^B leaves the cursor near the bottom of the screen?  Try the two
 +commands ^B^F again.  And now do another ^F to see the next section.
 +
 +Section 3: {^F} {^B}
 +You now have two basic commands for examining a file, both forwards (^F) and
 +backwards (^B).
 +
 +Note that these are vi text editing commands: they are not commands for the
 +tutorial.  Indeed, this tutorial is nothing but a text file which you are now
 +editing.  Everything you do and learn in this tutorial will be applicable to
 +editing text files.
 +
 +Therefore, when you are editing a file and are ready to see more of the text,
 +entering ^F will get you to the next section of the file.  Entering ^B will
 +show you the previous section.
 +
 +Time for you to do another ^F.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +Section 4: {^F} {^B} {^M} (return key)
 +We will adopt the notation of putting commands in curly braces so we can write
 +them unambiguously.  For example, if you are to type the command sequence
 +"control B control F" (as we asked you to do above) it would appear as {^B^F}.
 +This allows clear delineation of the command strings from the text. Remember
 +that the curly braces are NOT part of the command string you are to type. Do
 +NOT type the curly braces.  
 +
 +Sometimes, the command string in the curly braces will be rather long, and may
 +be such that the first couple of characters of the command will erase from
 +the screen the string you are trying to read and type.  It is suggested that
 +you write down the longer commands BEFORE you type them so you won't forget
 +them once they disappear.
 +
 +Now locate the return key on your keyboard: it is usually marked 'RETURN',
 +indicate hitting the return key.  In fact, the control-M key sequence is
 +exactly the same as if you hit the return key, and vice versa.
 +
 +Now type {^F}.
 +
 +
 +Section 5: {:q!} {ZZ} {^M} (return key)
 +Recognize that this tutorial is nothing more than a text file that you
 +are editing.  This means that if you do something wrong, it is possible
 +for you to destroy the information in this file.  Don't worry.  If this
 +happens, type {ZZ} (two capital Z's) or {:q!^M} to leave the tutorial.
 +Restart the tutorial.  Once in the tutorial, you can then page forward
 +with {^F} until you are back to where you want to be.  (There are
 +easier ways to do this, some of which will be discussed later, but this
 +is the most straightforward.)
 +
 +You may want to write these commands down in a convenient place for quick
 +reference: {:q!^M} and {ZZ}
 +
 +We will assume that you now know to do a {^F} to advance the file
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +Section 6: {m} {G} {'} {z}
 +Now that you know how to get around in the file via ^F and ^B let's look at
 +other ways of examining a text file.  Sometimes it is necessary, in the midst
 +of editing a file, to examine another part of the file.  You are then faced
 +with the problem of remembering your place in the file, looking at the other
 +text, and then getting back to your original location.  Vi has a 'mark'
 +command, m. Type {mp}.  You have just 'marked' your current location in the
 +file and given it the name 'p'.  The command string below will do three
 +things: position you at the beginning of the file (line 1), then return you to
 +the location 'p' that you just marked with the 'm' command, and, since the
 +screen will not look exactly the same as it does right now, the 'z' command
 +will reposition the screen. (You may want to write the string down before
 +typing it: once you type {1G} it will no longer be on the screen.)
 +
 +So now type {1G'pz^M} - a one followed by a capital G, followed by the quote
 +mark, followed by a lower case 'p', then a lower case 'z', then a return
 +(which is the same as a ^M).  The {1G} moves you to line 1, i.e. the beginning
 +of the file.  The {'p} moves you to the location you marked with {mp}.  The
 +{z^M} command will repaint the screen putting the cursor at the top of the
 +screen. (Now {^F}.)
 +
 +Section 7: {m} {G} {'} {z}
 +Let's look at some variations on those commands.  If you wanted to look at
 +line 22 in the file and return to this location you could type {mp22G'p}.  Do
 +so now, observing that {22G} puts your cursor at the beginning of section 2 in
 +the middle of the screen.
 +
 +Also note that, without the {z^M} command, the line with 'Section 7' on it is
 +now in the MIDDLE of the screen, and not at the top.  Our cursor is on the
 +correct line (where we did the {mp} command) but the line is not where we
 +might like it to be on the screen.  That is the function of the {z^M} command.
 +(Remember, ^M is the same as the 'return' key on your keyboard.)  Type {z^M}
 +now and observe the effect.
 +
 +As you can see, the 'Section 7' line is now at the top of the screen with the
 +cursor happily under the capital S.  If you would like the cursor line (i.e.
 +the line which the cursor is on) in the middle of the screen again, you would
 +type {z.}.  If you wanted the cursor line to be at the BOTTOM of the screen,
 +type {z-}.  Try typing {z-z.z^M} and watch what happens.
 +
 +{^F}
 +
 +Section 8: {z} {m} {'}
 +
 +Note that the z command does not change the position of our cursor in the file
 +itself, it simply moves the cursor around on the screen by moving the contents
 +of the file around on the screen.  The cursor stays on the same line of the
 +file when using the z command.
 +
 +This brings up an important point.  There are two questions that the users of
 +vi continually need to know the answer to: "Where am I in the file?" and
 +"Where am I on the screen?"  The cursor on your terminal shows the answer to
 +both questions.  Some commands will move you around in the file, usually
 +changing the location of the cursor on the screen as well.  Other commands
 +move the cursor around on the screen without changing your location in the
 +file.
 +
 +Now type {ma}.  Your location in the file has been given the name 'a'. If you
 +type {'p'a} you will see the previous location we marked in section 7, and
 +then will be returned to the current location.  (You will want to do a {z^M}
 +to repaint the screen afterwards.)  Try it.  
 +{^F}
 +
 +Section 9: {m} {''}
 +Now we can move about in our file pretty freely.  By using the {m} command we
 +can give the current cursor position a lower-case-character name, like 'p',
 +'a', 'e', 'm', or 'b'.  Using the {G} command preceded by a line number we can
 +look at any line in the file we like.  Using the single quote command {'}
 +followed by a character used in an {m} command, we can return to any location
 +in the file we have marked.
 +
 +However, try {m3}, or {mM}.  You should hear a beep, or bell.  Only lower-case
 +letters are acceptable to the {m} and {'} commands: numbers, upper-case
 +letters, and special characters are not acceptable.
 +
 +If you type the {'} command with a character that is lower-case alphabetic but
 +that has not been used in an {m} command, or for which the 'marked' text has
 +been deleted, you will also get a beep.  Try {'i}.  You should get a beep
 +because the command {mi} has never been issued.  (Unless you've been
 +experimenting.)
 +
 +The command {''} attempts to return you to the location at which you last
 +modified some part of your file.  However, my experience has been that it is
 +difficult to predict exactly where you will end up.  
 +Section 10: {^M} {-}
 +Now do {ma}, marking your position at the top of the screen.  Now hit {^M} (or
 +return) until the cursor is right ... 
 +* <- here, over/under the asterisk.  Now
 +type {mb'a'b} and watch the cursor move from the asterisk to the top of the
 +screen and back again.
 +
 +The {^M} command moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.  Now type
 +{^M} until the cursor is right ...
 +* <- here.  The command to move the cursor to the beginning of the
 +previous line is {-}.  Practice moving the cursor around on the screen by using
 +{^M} and {-}.  BE CAREFUL to not move the cursor OFF the screen just yet.  If
 +you do, type {'az^M}.
 +
 +Now we can move to any line within the screen.  Practice moving around in the
 +file using the {^F}, {^B}, {-}, {^M}, {z}, and {'} commands.  When you are
 +fairly confident that you can get to where you need to be in the file, and
 +position the cursor on the screen where you want it type {'az^M^F} (which, of
 +course, moves you back to the beginning of this section, repositions the
 +cursor at the top of the screen, and advances you to the next section).
 +
 +Section 11: scrolling: {^M}
 +The cursor should now be on the S of 'Section 11', and this should be on the
 +first line of the screen.  If it is not, do {^M} or {-} as appropriate to put
 +the cursor on the section line, and type {z^M}.
 +
 +Type {mc} to mark your place.
 +
 +Now type {^M} until the cursor is on the last line of this screen.  Now do one
 +more {^M} and observe the result.  This is called scrolling.  When you
 +attempted to move to a line not displayed on the screen, the line at the top of
 +the screen was 'scrolled off', and a line at the bottom of the screen was
 +'scrolled on'.  The top line with 'Section 11' should no longer be visible.
 +
 +Now type {'cz^M} to reset the screen and type {^F} for the next section.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +Section 12: {-} {z}
 +
 +The {-} command moves the cursor to the previous line in the file.  Now type
 +{-}, which attempts to move the cursor to the previous line in this file.
 +However, that line is not on the screen.  The resulting action will depend on
 +your terminal.  (Do a {^Mz^M} to reposition the file).  On intelligent
 +terminals (e.g. VT100s, Z19s, Concept 100s), a top line is 'scrolled on' and
 +the bottom line is 'scrolled off'.  Other terminals, however, may not have
 +this 'reverse scrolling' feature.  They will simply repaint the screen with
 +the cursor line in the middle of the screen.  On such terminals it is
 +necessary to type {z^M} to get the cursor line back to the top of the screen.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +Section 13:
 +Up until this point, the tutorial has always tried to make sure that the first
 +line of each screen has on it the section number and a list of the commands
 +covered in that section.  This will no longer be strictly maintained.  If you
 +want the section line at the top of the screen, you now know enough commands to
 +do it easily: do {^M} or {-} until the cursor is on the section line and
 +then {z^M}.  Also, from this point on, it may not be the case that a {^F} will
 +put you at the beginning of the next section.  Therefore, be aware of where you
 +are in the file as we look at other commands.  You may have to find your way
 +back to a particular section without any help from the tutorial.  If you do not
 +feel comfortable with this, then it is suggested that you practice moving from
 +section 1 to section 13, back and forth, using {^M}, {-}, {^F}, and {^B}
 +commands for a while.
 +
 +Also make liberal use of the mark command {m}: if, for example, you make a
 +habit of using {mz} to mark your current location in the file, then you will
 +always be able to return to that location with {'z} if the editor does
 +something strange and you have no idea where you are or what happened.
 +
 +And finally, the proscription against experimentation is hereby lifted: play
 +with the editor.  Feel free to try out variations on the commands and move
 +around in the file.  By this time you should be able to recover from any gross
 +errors.
 +
 +Section 14: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
 +Let us now look at a few other commands for moving around in the file, and
 +moving the file around on the screen.  Note that the commands we have already
 +looked at are sufficient: you really don't need any more commands for looking
 +in a file.  The following commands are not absolutely necessary.  However,
 +they can make editing more convenient, and you should take note of their
 +existence.  But it would be perfectly valid to decide to ignore them on this
 +first pass: you can learn them later when you see a need for them, if you ever
 +do.
 +
 +First, let's clear up some potentially confusing language.  In at least one
 +place in the official document ('An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'
 +by William Joy, and Mark Horton, September 1980), the expression "to scroll
 +down text" means that the cursor is moved down in your file.  However, note
 +that this may result in the text on the screen moving UP.  This use of the
 +word 'scroll' refers to the action of the cursor within the file.  However,
 +another legitimate use of the word refers to the action of the text on the
 +screen.  That is, if the lines on your screen move up toward the top of the
 +screen, this would be 'scrolling the screen up'.  If the lines move down
 +toward the bottom of the screen, this would be refered to as scrolling down.
 +
 +I have tried to maintain the following jargon: 'scrolling' refers to what the
 +text does on the screen, not to what the cursor does within the file.  For the
 +latter I will refer to the cursor 'moving', or to 'moving the cursor'.  I
 +realize that this is not necessarily consistent with Joy and Horton, but they
 +were wrong.
 +
 +{^E} scrolls the whole screen up one line, keeping the cursor on the same line,
 +if possible.  However, if the cursor line is the first line on the screen, then
 +the cursor is moved to the next line in the file.  Try typing {^E}.
 +
 +{^Y} scrolls the screen down one line, keeping the cursor on the same line, if
 +possible.  However, if the cursor line is the last line on the screen, then the
 +cursor is moved to the previous line in the file.  Try it.
 +
 +{^D} moves the cursor down into the file, scrolling the screen up.
 +
 +{^U} moves the cursor up into the file, also scrolling the screen if the
 +terminal you are on has the reverse scroll capability.  Otherwise the
 +screen is repainted.
 +
 +Note that {^E} and {^Y} move the cursor on the screen while trying to keep the
 +cursor at the same place in the file (if possible: however, the cursor can
 +never move off screen), while {^D} and {^U} keep the cursor at the same place
 +on the screen while moving the cursor within the file.
 +
 +Section 15: {/ .. /^M}
 +
 +Another way to position yourself in the file is by giving the editor a string
 +to search for.  Type the following: {/Here 1/^M} and the cursor should end up
 +right ...........................here ^.  Now type {/Section 15:/^M} and the
 +cursor will end up over/on .....................here ^.  Now type {//^M} and
 +observe that the cursor is now over the capital S five lines above this line.
 +Typing {//^M} several more times will bounce the cursor back and forth between
 +the two occurrences of the string.  In other words, when you type a string
 +between the two slashes, it is searched for.  Typing the slashes with nothing
 +between them acts as if you had typed the previous string again.
 +
 +Observe that the string you type between the two slashes is entered on the
 +bottom line of the screen.  Now type {/Search for x /^M} except replace the 'x'
 +in the string with some other character, say 'b'.  The message "Pattern not
 +found" should appear on the bottom of the screen.  If you hadn't replaced the
 +'x', then you would have found the string.  Try it.
 +
 +Section 16: {? .. ?^M} {n} (search strings: ^ $)
 +
 +When you surround the sought-for string with slashes as in {/Search/}, the
 +file is searched beginning from your current position in the file.  If the
 +string is not found by the end of the file, searching is restarted at the
 +beginning of the file.  However, if you do want the search to find the
 +PREVIOUS rather than the NEXT occurrence of the string, surround the string
 +with question marks instead of slash marks.
 +
 +Below are several occurrences of the same string.  
 +Here 2            Here 2 Here 2
 + Here 2             Here 2.
 +Observe the effect of the following search commands (try them in the
 +sequence shown):
 +{/Here 2/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
 +{/^Here 2/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
 +{/Here 2$/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
 +
 +The first command looks for the next occurrence of the string 'Here 2'.
 +However the second line of commands looks for an occurrence of 'Here 2' that
 +is at the beginning of the line.  When the up-arrow is the first character of
 +a search string it stands for the beginning of the line.  When the dollar-sign
 +is the last character of the search string it stands for the end of the line.
 +Therefore, the third line of commands searches for the string only when it is
 +at the end of the line.  Since there is only one place the string begins a
 +line, and only one place the string ends the line, subsequent {//^M} and
 +{??^M} will find those same strings over and over.
 +
 +The {n} command will find the next occurrence of the / or ? search
 +string.  Try {/Here 2/^M} followed by several {n} and observe the
 +effect.  Then try {??^M} followed by several {n}.  The {n} command
 +remembers the direction of the last search.  It is just a way to save a
 +few keystrokes.
 +
 +Section 17: \ and magic-characters in search strings
 +
 +Now type {/Here 3$/^M}.  You might expect the cursor to end up
 +right......^ here.  However, you will get "Pattern not found" at the bottom of
 +the screen.  Remember that the dollar-sign stands for the end of the line.
 +Somehow, you must tell vi that you do not want the end of the line, but a
 +dollar-sign.  In other words, you must take away the special meaning that the
 +dollar-sign has for the search mechanism.  You do this (for any special
 +character, including the up-arrow ^) by putting a back-slash ('\', not '/') in
 +front of the character.
 +
 +Now try {/Here 3\$/^M} and you should end up nine lines above this one.  Try
 +{//^M} and note that it returns you to the same place, and not to the first
 +line of this paragraph: the back-slash character is not part of the search
 +string and will not be found.  To find the string in the first line of this
 +paragraph, type {/Here 3\\\$/^M}.  There are three back-slashes: the first takes
 +away the special meaning from the second, and the third takes away the special
 +meaning from the dollar-sign.
 +
 +Following is a list of the characters that have special meanings in search
 +strings.  If you wish to find a string containing one of these characters, you
 +will have to be precede the character with a backslash.  These characters are
 +called magic characters because of the fun and games you can have with them
 +and they can have with you, if you aren't aware of what they do.  
 +
 +  ^ - (up-arrow)       beginning of a line
 +  $ - (dollar-sign)    end of a line
 +  . - (period)         matches any character
 +  \ - (backslant)      the escape character itself
 +  [ - (square bracket) for finding patterns (see section #SEARCH)
 +  ] - (square bracket) ditto
 +  * - (asterisk)       ditto
 +
 +Without trying to explain it here, note that {:set nomagic^M} turns off the
 +special meanings of all but the ^ up-arrow, $ dollar-sign, and backslash
 +characters.
 +
 +Section 18: {: (colon commands)} {ZZ}
 +
 +In this section we will discuss getting into and out of the editor in more
 +detail.  If you are editing a file and wish to save the results the command
 +sequence {:w^M} writes the current contents of the file out to disk, using the
 +file name you used when you invoked the editor.  That is, if you are at the
 +command level in Unix, and you invoke vi with {vi foo} where foo is the name
 +of the file you wish to edit, then foo is the name of the file used by the
 +{:w^M} command.
 +
 +If you are done, the write and quit commands can be combined into a single
 +command {:wq^M}.  An even simpler way is the command {ZZ} (two capital Z's).
 +
 +If, for some reason, you wish to exit without saving any changes you have made,
 +{:q!^M} does the trick.  If you have not made any changes, the exclamation
 +point is not necessary: {:q^M}.  Vi is pretty good about not letting you
 +get out without warning you that you haven't saved your file.
 +
 +We have mentioned before that you are currently in the vi editor, editing a
 +file.  If you wish to start the tutorial over from the very beginning, you
 +could {ZZ}, and then type {vi.tut beginner} in response to the Unix prompt.
 +This will create a fresh copy of this file for you, which might be necessary 
 +if you accidentally destroyed the copy you were working with.  Just do a 
 +search for the last section you were in: e.g.  {/Section 18:/^Mz^M}.
 +
 +Section 19: {H} {M} {L}
 +
 +Here are a few more commands that will move you around on the screen.  Again,
 +they are not absolutely necessary, but they can make screen positioning easier:
 +
 +{H} - puts the cursor at the top of the screen (the 'home' position)
 +
 +{M} - puts the cursor in the middle of the screen
 +
 +{L} - puts the cursor at the bottom of the screen.
 +
 +Try typing {HML} and watch the cursor.
 +
 +Try typing {5HM5L} and note that 5H puts you five lines from the top of the
 +screen, and 5L puts you five lines from the bottom of the screen.
 +
 +Section 20: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
 +
 +Up to this point we have concentrated on positioning in the file, and
 +positioning on the screen.  Now let's look at positioning in a line.  Put the
 +cursor at the beginning of the following line and type {z^M}:
 +
 +This is a test line: your cursor should initially be at its beginning.
 +
 +The test line should now be at the top of your screen. Type {w} several times.
 +Note that it moves you forward to the beginning of the next word.  Now type
 +{b} (back to the beginning of the word) several times till you are at the
 +beginning of the line.  (If you accidentally type too many {b}, type {w} until
 +you are on the beginning of the line again.) Type {wwwww} (five w's) and note
 +that the cursor is now on the colon in the sentence.  The lower-case w command
 +moves you forward one word, paying attention to certain characters such as
 +colon and period as delimiters and counting them as words themselves.  Now
 +type {0} (zero, not o 'oh'): this moves you to the beginning of the current
 +line.  Now type {5w} and notice that this has the effect of repeating {w} five
 +times and that you are now back on the colon.  Type {0} (zero) again.  To
 +ignore the delimiters and to move to the beginning of the next word using only
 +blanks, tabs and carriage-returns (these are called white-space characters) to
 +delimit the words, use the {W} command: upper-case W.  {B} takes you back a
 +word using white-space characters as word delimiters.
 +
 +Note that the commands {wbWB} do not stop at the beginning or end of a line:
 +they will continue to the next word on the next line in the direction specified
 +(a blank line counts as a word).
 +
 +If you are interested in the END of the word, and not the BEGINNING, then use
 +the {e} and {E} commands.  These commands only move forward and there are no
 +corresponding 'reverse search' commands for the end of a word.
 +
 +Also, we have been using the {'} command to move the cursor to a position that
 +we have previously marked with the {m} command.  However, position the cursor
 +in the middle of a line (any line, just pick one) and type {mk}, marking that
 +position with the letter k.  Now type a few returns {^M} and type {'k}.
 +Observe that the cursor is now at the beginning of the line that you marked.
 +Now try {`k}: note that this is the reverse apostrophe, or back-quote, or grave
 +accent, or whatever you want to call it.  Also note that it moves you to the
 +character that was marked, not just to the line that was marked.
 +
 +In addition, the {``} command works just like the {''} command except that you
 +are taken to the exact character, not just to the line.  (I'm still not
 +sure which exact character, just as I'm still not sure which line.)
 +
 +Section 21: {l} {k} {j} {h}
 +
 +There are several commands to move around on the screen on a character by
 +character basis:
 +
 +l - moves the cursor one character to the RIGHT
 +k - moves the cursor UP one line
 +j - moves the cursor DOWN one line
 +h - moves the cursor one character to the LEFT
 +
 +Section 22: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
 +
 +For this and following sections you will need to use the ESCAPE key on your
 +terminal.  It is usually marked ESC.  Since the escape key is the same as
 +typing {^[} we will use ^[ for the escape key.
 +
 +Probably the most often used command in an editor is the insert command.  Below
 +are two lines of text, the first correct, the second incorrect.  Position your
 +cursor at the beginning of Line 1 and type {z^M}.
 +
 +Line 1: This is an example of the insert command.
 +Line 2: This is an of the insert command.
 +
 +To make line 2 look like line 1, we are going to insert the characters
 +'example ' before the word 'of'.  So, now move the cursor so that it is
 +positioned on the 'o' of 'of'.  (You can do this by typing {^M} to move
 +to the beginning of line 2, followed by {6w} or {wwwwww} to position the cursor
 +on the word 'of'.)
 +
 +Now carefully type the following string and observe the effects:
 +  {iexample ^[}  (remember: ^[ is the escape key)}
 +The {i} begins the insert mode, and 'example ' is inserted into the line: 
 +be sure to notice the blank in 'example '.  The ^[ ends insertion mode, 
 +and the line is updated to include the new string.  Line 1 should look exactly 
 +like Line 2.
 +
 +Move the cursor to the beginning of Line 3 below and type {z^M}:
 +
 +Line 3: These lines are examples for the 'a' command.
 +Line 4: These line are examples for the '
 +
 +We will change line four to look like line three by using the append command.
 +We need to append an 's' to the word 'line'.  Position the cursor on the 'e'
 +of 'line'.  You can do this in several ways, one way is the following:
 +First, type {/line /^M}.  This puts us on the word 'line' in Line 4
 +(the blank in the search string is important!).  Next, type {e}.  The 'e' puts
 +us at the end of the word.  Now, type {as^[  (^[ is the escape character)}.  
 +The 'a' puts us in insert mode, AFTER the current character.  We appended the 
 +'s', and the escape ^[ ended the insert mode.
 +
 +The difference between {i} (insert) and {a} (append) is that {i} begins
 +inserting text BEFORE the cursor, and {a} begins inserting AFTER the cursor.
 +
 +Now type {Aa' command.^[}.  The cursor is moved to the end of the line and the
 +string following {A} is inserted into the text.  Line 4 should now look like
 +line 3.
 +
 +Just as {A} moves you to the end of the line to begin inserting, {I} would
 +begin inserting at the FRONT of the line.
 +
 +To begin the insertion of a line after the cursor line, type {o}.  To insert a
 +line before the cursor line, type {O}.  In other words {o123^[} is equivalent
 +to {A^M123^[}, and {O123^[} is equivalent to {I123^M^[}.  The text after the
 +{o} or {O} is ended with an escape ^[.
 +
 +This paragraph contains information that is terminal dependent: you will just
 +have to experiment to discover what your terminal does.  Once in the insert
 +mode, if you make a mistake in the typing, ^H will delete the previous
 +character up to the beginning of the current insertion.  ^W will delete the
 +previous word, and one of ^U, @, or ^X will delete the current line (up to the
 +beginning of the current insertion).  You will need to experiment with ^U, @,
 +and ^X to determine which works for your terminal.
 +
 +Section 23: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
 +
 +Position the cursor at the beginning of line 5 and {z^M}:
 +
 +Line 5: The line as it should be.
 +Line 6: The line as it shouldn't be.
 +
 +To make Line 6 like Line 5, we have to delete the 'n', the apostrophe, and the
 +'t'.  There are several ways to position ourselves at the 'n'.  Choose
 +whichever one suits your fancy:
 +
 +{/n't/^M}
 +{^M7w6l}  or  {^M7w6 } (note the space)
 +{^M3fn}  (finds the 3rd 'n' on the line)
 +
 +Now {xxx} will delete the three characters, as will {3x}.
 +
 +Note that {X} deletes the character just BEFORE the cursor, as opposed
 +to the character AT the cursor.
 +
 +Position the cursor at line 7 and {z^M}:
 +
 +Line 7: The line as it would be.
 +Line 8: The line as it could be.
 +
 +To change line 8 into line 7 we need to change the 'c' in 'could' into a 'w'.
 +The 'r' (replace) command was designed for this.  Typing {rc} is the same as
 +typing {xic^[} (i.e.  delete the 'bad' character and insert the correct
 +new character).  Therefore, assuming that you have positioned the cursor on the
 +'c' of 'could', the easiest way to change 'could' into 'would' is {rw}.
 +
 +If you would like to now change the 'would' into 'should', use the substitute
 +command, 's': {ssh^[}.  The difference between 'r' and 's' is that 'r'
 +(replace) replaces the current character with another character, while 's'
 +(substitute) substitutes the current character with a string, ended with an
 +escape.
 +
 +The capital letter version of replace {R} replaces each character by a
 +character one at a time until you type an escape, ^[.  The 'S' command
 +substitutes the whole line.
 +
 +Position your cursor at the beginning of line 9 and {z^M}.
 +
 +Line  9: Love is a many splendored thing.
 +Line 10: Love is a most splendored thing.
 +
 +To change line 10 into line 9, position the cursor at the beginning of 'most',
 +and type {Rmany^[}.
 +
 +You may have noticed that, when inserting text, a new line is formed by typing
 +{^M}.  When changing, replacing, or substituting text you can make a new line
 +by typing {^M}.  However, neither {x} nor {X} will remove ^M to make two lines 
 +into one line.  To do this, position the cursor on the first of the two lines 
 +you wish to make into a single line and type {J} (uppercase J for 'Join').
 +
 +Section 24: {u} {U}
 +
 +Finally, before we review, let's look at the undo command.  Position
 +your cursor on line 11 below and {z^M}.
 +
 +Line 11: The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy hound dog.
 +Line 12: the qwick black dog dumped over the laxy poune fox.
 +
 +Type the following set of commands, and observe carefully the effect of each 
 +of the commands:
 +
 +{/^Line 12:/^M} {ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {w} {Rbrown fox^[} {w} {rj} 
 +{fx} {rz} {w} {Rhound dog^[}
 +
 +Line 12 now matches line 11.  Now type {U} - capital 'U'.  And line 12 now
 +looks like it did before you typed in the command strings.  Now type:
 +
 +{ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {^M} {^M}
 +
 +and then type {u}:  the cursor jumps back to the line containing the second
 +change you made and 'undoes' it.  That is, {U} 'undoes' all the changes on the
 +line, and {u} 'undoes' only the last change.  Type {u} several times and
 +observe what happens: {u} can undo a previous {u}!
 +
 +Caveat: {U} only works as long as the cursor is still on the line.  Move the
 +cursor off the line and {U} will have no effect, except to possibly beep at
 +you.  However, {u} will undo the last change, no matter where it occurred.
 +
 +Section 25: review
 +
 +At this point, you have all the commands you need in order to make use of vi.
 +The remainder of this tutorial will discuss variations on these commands as
 +well as introduce new commands that make the job of editing more efficient.
 +Here is a brief review of the basic commands we have covered.  They are listed
 +in the order of increasing complexity and/or decreasing necessity (to say that
 +a command is less necessary is not to say that it is less useful!).  These
 +commands allow you to comfortably edit any text file.  There are other
 +commands that will make life easier but will require extra time to learn,
 +obviously.  You may want to consider setting this tutorial aside for several
 +weeks and returning to it later after gaining experience with vi and getting
 +comfortable with it.  The convenience of some of the more exotic commands may
 +then be apparent and worth the extra investment of time and effort
 +required to master them.
 +
 +to get into the editor from Unix:           {vi filename}
 +to exit the editor
 +      saving all changes                    {ZZ} or {:wq^M}
 +      throwing away all changes             {:q!^M}
 +      when no changes have been made        {:q^M}
 +save a file without exiting the editor      {:w^M}
 +write the file into another file            {:w filename^M}
 +insert text 
 +      before the cursor                     {i ...text... ^[}
 +      at the beginning of the line          {I ...text... ^[}
 +      after the cursor (append)             {a ...text... ^[}
 +      at the end of the line                {A ...text... ^[}
 +      after the current line                {o ...text... ^[}
 +      before the current line               {O ...text... ^[}
 +delete the character  ...
 +      under the cursor                      {x}
 +      to the left of the cursor             {X}
 +delete n characters                         {nx} or {nX}  (for n a number)
 +make two lines into one line (Join)         {J}
 +find a string in the file ...
 +      searching forward                     {/ ...string... /^M}
 +      searching backwards                   {? ...string... ?^M}
 +repeat the last search command              {n}
 +repeat the last search command in the
 +  opposite direction                        {N}
 +find the character c on this line ...
 +      searching forward                     {fc}
 +      searching backward                    {Fc}
 +repeat the last 'find character' command    {;}
 +replace a character with character x        {rx}
 +substitute a single character with text     {s ...text... ^[}
 +substitute n characters with text           {ns ...text... ^[}
 +replace characters one-by-one with text     {R ...text... ^[}
 +undo all changes to the current line        {U}
 +undo the last single change                 {u}
 +move forward in the file a "screenful"      {^F}
 +move back in the file a "screenful"         {^B}
 +move forward in the file one line           {^M} or {+}
 +move backward in the file one line          {-}
 +move to the beginning of the line           {0}
 +move to the end of the line                 {$}
 +move forward one word                       {w}
 +move forward one word, ignoring punctuation {W}
 +move forward to the end of the next word    {e}
 +to the end of the word, ignoring punctuation{E}
 +move backward one word                      {b}
 +move back one word, ignoring punctuation    {B}
 +return to the last line modified            {''}
 +scroll a line onto the top of the screen    {^Y}
 +scroll a line onto the bottom of the screen {^E}
 +move "up" in the file a half-screen         {^U}
 +move "down" in the file a half-screen       {^D}
 +move the cursor to the top screen line      {H}
 +move the cursor to the bottom screen line   {L}
 +move the cursor to the middle line          {M}
 +move LEFT one character position            {h} or {^H}
 +move RIGHT one character position           {l} or { }
 +move UP in the same column                  {k} or {^P}
 +move DOWN in the same column                {j} or {^N}
 +mark the current position, name it x        {mx}
 +move to the line marked/named x             {'x}
 +move to the character position named x      {`x}
 +move to the beginning of the file           {1G}
 +move to the end of the file                 {G}
 +move to line 23 in the file                 {23G}
 +repaint the screen with the cursor line
 +       at the top of the screen             {z^M}
 +       in the middle of the screen          {z.}
 +       at the bottom of the screen          {z-}
 +
 +More information on vi can be found in the file vi.advanced, which you can
 +peruse at your leisure.  From UNIX, type {vi.tut advanced^M}.